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HUBS192 2024 > Lecture 22: THE SMALL INTESTINE > Flashcards

Lecture 22: THE SMALL INTESTINE Flashcards

1
Q

What are the regions of the small intestine (in order)?

A

Duodenum, jejunum and ileum

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2
Q

What is the largest region of the small intestine?

A

Ileum

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3
Q

What is the total length of the small intestine?

A

About 6m

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4
Q

Where is the initial segment of the small intestine?

A

Retroperitoneal

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5
Q

What is the small intestine held in place by?

A

Mesentery

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6
Q

What does the mesentery allow?

A

Movement, but prevents the small intestine from getting tangled

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7
Q

What does the mesentery contain?

A

Arteries, veins, nerves and lymphatics

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8
Q

What is delivered to the small intestine?

A

Chyme which is acidic

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9
Q

What is needed because of chyme being acidic?

A

Protect the epithelium and neutralise pH

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10
Q

How is the epithelium protected?

A

By mucous secreting cells and glands in the submucosa (specifically in the duodenum)

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11
Q

How is pH neutralised?

A

By bicarbonate (HCO3-) from the pancreas

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12
Q

What are plicae circulares?

A

Permanent folds of the small intestined

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13
Q

What is the structure of plicae circulares?

A

Core of submucosa with overlying mucosa

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14
Q

Where are villi found?

A

On the surface of the plicae circulares

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15
Q

What does the muscularis mucosae allow?

A

Villi to wiggle back and forth

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16
Q

What are villi?

A

Folds of the mucosa

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17
Q

What is the core of each villus?

A

FCT (lamina propria)

18
Q

What do villi contain?

A

Vessels

19
Q

What vessels do villi contain?

A

Lymph lacteal and capillary network

20
Q

What is drained into the lymph lacteal?

A

Products of fat digestion

21
Q

What is drained into the capillary network?

A

Products of protein and carbohydrate digestion

22
Q

What enters the mesenteric veins?

A

Nutrient rich, deoxygenated blood absorbed in the small intestine

23
Q

What do mesenteric veins drain into?

A

Hepatic (liver) portal vein

24
Q

What do lymph lacteals drain into?

A

The cisterna chyli, thoracic duct and then left subclavian vein

25
Q

What is the epithelium of the small intestine?

A

Simple columnar

26
Q

What is on the apical surface of the small intestine cells?

A

Microvilli to increase the surface area further

27
Q

What do microvilli form?

A

A brush border

28
Q

What is glycocalyx?

A

A network of glycoproteins and branched filaments

29
Q

What does the glycocalyx do?

A

Tether enzymes

30
Q

What does contact digestion involve?

A

Enzymes attached to the brush border

31
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

A barrier which is selectively permeable (lipid soluble things can travel through it)

32
Q

What does the plasma membrane have?

A

Proteins (channels and transporters)

33
Q

How are tight junctions described?

A

Very tight

34
Q

What junctions are between small intestine epithelial cells?

A

Tight junctions

35
Q

What may diffuse through tight junctions?

A

Small molecules (down a concentration gradient)

36
Q

What are the cells of the small intestine epithelium?

A

Enterocytes, goblet, stem, paneth and endocrine

37
Q

What are enterocytes?

A

Absorptive cells which have a microvilli brush border

38
Q

What do goblet cells do?

A

Secrete mucous for protection

39
Q

What do stem cells do?

A

Make all cell types

40
Q

What do paneth cells secrete?

A

Granules and antibacterial enzymes

41
Q

What do endocrine cells do?

A

Secrete hormones

42
Q

What is found in an intestinal crypt?

A

Paneth cells at the base, stem cells above and epithelial cells further above

HUBS192 2024 (38 decks)

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