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HUBS192 2024 > Lecture 4: ANATOMY OF THE HEART, PART 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 4: ANATOMY OF THE HEART, PART 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cardiovascular system made up of?

A

Organs

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2
Q

What organs is the cardiovascular system made up of?

A

The heart, arteries, veins/lymphatics and capillaries

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3
Q

What is the role of the heart?

A

Pump

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4
Q

What is the role of the arteries?

A

Supply

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5
Q

What is the role of the veins/lymphatics?

A

Drainage

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6
Q

What is the role of the capillaries?

A

Exchange

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7
Q

What are the organs made up of?

A

Vascular tissue

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8
Q

What is vascular tissue made up of?

A

Connective tissues and cells

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9
Q

What do the cells consist of?

A

Epithelia and muscle

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10
Q

What do veins do?

A

Carry blood away from the capillaries

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11
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

They are thin and exchange nutrients and gases in the blood to the target tissues

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12
Q

What systems make up the cardiovascular system?

A

The blood vascular system and the lymphatic (vascular) system

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13
Q

How is the blood vascular system described?

A

A closed supply and drainage system (continuous loop)

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14
Q

How is the lymphatic (vascular) system described?

A

An open entry drainage system (one way)

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15
Q

What are the two circulations in the blood and lymph vascular systems?

A

The pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation

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16
Q

What happens in the pulmonary circulation?

A

The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs for reoxygenation

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17
Q

What happens in the systemic circulation?

A

The left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the body

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18
Q

What happens with lymph?

A

Lymph which has left the capillaries and accumulated goes into the lymphatics and is returned to the vascular system. It passes lymph nodes which air present for immune surveillance

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19
Q

What is the supply path?

A

Arteries only

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20
Q

Where are major arteries situated?

A

To avoid damage (deep in the trunk, on flexor aspects of the limbs)

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21
Q

What do important structures often receive?

A

Supply from two sources - two separate arteries (hands and brain)

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22
Q

When do arteries change their name?

A

At each major branch

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23
Q

What is found in the exchange network?

A

Capillaries of varying degrees of permeability

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24
Q

What are the three types of capillaries?

A

Continuous, fenestrated and sinusoidal

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25
Q

How permeable are continuous capillaries?

A

Controlled (tight)

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26
Q

How permeable are fenestrated capillaries?

A

Leaky

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27
Q

How permeable are sinusoidal capillaries?

A

Very leaky

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28
Q

What are the 3 pathways for drainage?

A

Deep veins, superficial veins and lymphatics

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29
Q

What do deep veins typically have the same name as?

A

Arteries beside them

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30
Q

Where are superficial veins found?

A

Just below the dermis

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31
Q

How do veins pump blood?

A

At low pressure and low velocity

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32
Q

How do arteries pump blood?

A

At high pressure and high velocity

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33
Q

How does the cross-sectional area of veins and arteries compare?

A

The cross-sectional area of veins is at least twice that of arteries

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34
Q

Why is the cross-sectional area of veins twice arteries?

A

So the same volume of blood can be shifted per second. Supply = drainage

35
Q

What is the shape of the heart?

A

It is a blunt, cone shaped organ

36
Q

What is at the inferior end of the heart?

A

The apex

37
Q

How is the apex described?

A

Pointed

38
Q

What is at the superior end of the heart?

A

The base

39
Q

How is the base described?

A

Broad

40
Q

What does the heart sit in?

A

The mediastinum

41
Q

How is the heart positioned?

A

It is rotated to the left and the base tilted posteriorly to bring the right side of the heart to the anterior and the left side of the heart posterior

42
Q

How much of the heart sits to the left of the midline?

A

Two thirds

43
Q

Where is the base of the heart positioned?

A

Between ribs 2 and 3

44
Q

Where does a line from the middle of the clavicle (midclavicular line) reach?

A

The apex between ribs 5 and 6

45
Q

Where can the point of maximal impulse (PMI)/apex beat be measured?

A

Where the midclavicular line meets the apex

46
Q

What is the size of the heart?

A

Approximately the same as a closed fist

47
Q

What does the superior vena cava do?

A

Brings deoxygenated blood from the head, neck, chest and upper limbs to the right atrium

48
Q

What does the inferior vena cava do?

A

Bring deoxygenated blood from everywhere below the diaphragm to the right atrium

49
Q

What enters the right atrium through the coronary sinus?

A

Venous blood from drainage of the heart

50
Q

What do valves do?

A

Stop blood travelling backwards and insure unidirectional flow

51
Q

How many pulmonary veins are there?

A

4 (2 left and 2 right)

52
Q

What do the pulmonary veins do?

A

Bring oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

53
Q

What are atria?

A

Thin walled receiving chambers

54
Q

What does each side of the heart have?

A

An atrium and a ventricle

55
Q

What are the methods of entry into the right atrium?

A

Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and coronary sinus

56
Q

What valve is between the right atrium and ventricle?

A

Tricuspid valve

57
Q

What is between the right and left ventricles?

A

The inter ventricular septum

58
Q

What is the first blood vessel in the systemic circulation?

A

The aorta

59
Q

What valve is between the left ventricle and the aorta?

A

The aortic (semilunar) valve

60
Q

What are the layers of the heart?

A

Endocardium, myocardium and epicardium + pericardium

61
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

The layer within the heart

62
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

The muscle within the heart

63
Q

What is the epicardium?

A

The layer upon the heart

64
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

The sac the heart sits in for pumping without damage

65
Q

What makes up most of the heart walls thickness?

A

The myocardium

66
Q

What part of the endocardium lines the border with the heart chamber?

A

The squamous epithelium (endothelium)

67
Q

What does the squamous epithelium (endothelium) do?

A

It is thin flat cells which forms exchange surfaces and prevents blood clotting

68
Q

What is also in the endocardium?

A

Loose irregular fibrous connective tissue (FCT), small blood vessels and purkinje fibres

69
Q

What does the loose fibrous connective tissue (FCT) do in the endocardium?

A

Support the endothelium

70
Q

What is the thickness of the left ventricle?

A

1.5cm

71
Q

What is the thickness of the right ventricle?

A

0.5cm

72
Q

Why is the right ventricle much thinner than the left ventricle?

A

Because it is a much shorter journey to the lungs than to the rest of the body

73
Q

What does the left ventricle need to do?

A

Produce more force which requires more muscle (myocardium)

74
Q

The volume of blood pumped from each ventricle is…

A

still the same per contraction

75
Q

What makes up the epicardium?

A

The visceral pericardium which is at the border of the pericardial space, large blood vessels and loose irregular FCT (adipose)

76
Q

What does the pericardium provide?

A

A protective layer

77
Q

The pericardium is …

A

non-stick for pumping without damage

78
Q

Where is the visceral layer of the pericardium?

A

Touching the heart

79
Q

Where is the parietal layer of the pericardium?

A

Outside

80
Q

What is between the visceral and parietal layers of the pericardium?

A

The pericardial space which has fluid within it for lubrication

81
Q

What is the pericardium described as?

A

A serous membrane (continuous)

82
Q

What does the pericardium consist of?

A

Fibrous pericardium, parietal layer, pericardial cavity and visceral layer

83
Q

What is the visceral layer part of?

A

The pericardium and the heart wall

HUBS192 2024 (38 decks)

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