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HUBS192 2024 > Lecture 30 - The main functions of the kidney & basic nephron process > Flashcards

Lecture 30 - The main functions of the kidney & basic nephron process Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we need kidneys?

A

To control what is in our blood and how much blood we have

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2
Q

Our cells produce waste products from?

A

Metabolism and breaking down old cell parts

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3
Q

What do the kidneys do with waste products?

A

Remove them from blood

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4
Q

What does the kidney also remove?

A

toxins and drugs/medication

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5
Q

What do the kidneys control the balance of?

A

Water

Ions

pH

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6
Q

What are some of the main functions of the kidneys?

A

Endocrine functions,
Metabolic functions,
Water homeostasis,
Salt/ion homeostasis,
Re-absorption of nutrients,
Excretion of medications, toxins and metabolites.

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7
Q

What are the major endocrine functions of the kidney?

A

Erythropoietin (EPO) and Chronic kidney/renal failure

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8
Q

When is Erythropoietin (EPO) secreted?

A

When low blood oxygen levels are detected by the kidneys and release EPO.

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9
Q

What does Erythropoietin (EPO) do?

A

EPO stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells

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10
Q

What happens when not enough EPO is produced?

A

Chronic kidney/renal failure as the kidneys cannot make enough EPO, leading to ANAEMIA: low blood oxygen levels

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11
Q

What are the major metabolic functions of the kidney?

A

Gluconeogenesis. Occurs during fasting, or when our body is under stress

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12
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

The kidneys make glucose (from lactate)

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13
Q

pH is the inverse of what?

A

H+ ion concentration

pH = -log[H+ ]

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14
Q

The more H+ ions there are?

A

the lower the pH = more acidic

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15
Q

What is normal blood pH range?

A

7.35-7.45

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16
Q

What are the two main sources of acid in the body?

A

Acids coming from metabolism, food and drink.

Carbon dioxide from metabolism

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17
Q

What is the pH of the blood controlled by?

A

Lungs: exhalation of carbon dioxide (CO2 )

Kidneys: by reabsorption and secretion of bicarbonate (HCO3 - ) and hydrogen ions (H+ )

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18
Q

What is the resting membrane potential based on?

A

K+ gradient (inside/outside) of cells

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19
Q

When does hyperkalemia occur?

A

When the kidneys cannot secrete enough potassium. Potassium builds up in the blood and can cause arrhythmias

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20
Q

What is lidocaine commonly used for?

A

Local anaesthetic

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21
Q

Where is Lidocaine excreted?

A

excreted by the kidneys after metabolism in the liver due to its fat soluble (lipophilic) nature

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22
Q

What is Aspirin commonly used for?

A

Common pain killer

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23
Q

Where is Aspirin excreted?

A

excreted directly by the kidneys due to its high water solubility (hydrophilic)

24
Q

Does total body water remain relatively constant?

A

Yes

25
Q

What is TBW?

A

55% in females
60% in males

26
Q

What is ECF?

A

1/3 of TBW

27
Q

What is ICF?

A

2/3 of TBW

28
Q

What is plasma?

A

1/5 of ECF`

29
Q

What is interstitial fluid?

A

4/5 of ECF

30
Q

The volume of fluid in the body water compartments can change due to?

A

how much water there is in the body

the osmolarity of the body water compartments (water moves to where the osmolarity is highest)

31
Q

why does volume of fluid in the body water compartments matter?

A

Increase in plasma : increase in BP

Decrease in plasma: decrease in BP

Increase in ICF: swelling of cells

Decrease in ICF: shrinking of cells

32
Q

What is osmolarity based on?

A

The number of osmotically active ions or solutes (which attract water)

33
Q

What is the normal osmolarity range in the ICF and ECF?

A

275-300 mosmol/L

34
Q

Isosmotic

A

same amount of solute molecules per litre

same osmolarity

35
Q

A change in the amount of water in the ECF changes the osmolarity in what two ways?

A

Hyposmotic and Hyperosmotic

36
Q

Hyposmotic

A

Increase in water (hyper-hydration)

less solute molecules per litre

decrease in ECF/plasma osmolarity

37
Q

Hyperosmotic

A

Decrease in water (dehydration)

more solute molecules per litre

increase in ECF/plasma osmolarity

38
Q

Loss or gain of water results in? (change in osmolarity)

A

Loss or gain from ECF and ICF

39
Q

Loss or gain of isosmotic fluid results in? (change in volume)

A

Decrease or Increase of ECF volume only.

40
Q

What are the 3 basic functions of the nephron?

A
  1. Filtration
  2. Secretion
  3. Reabsorption
41
Q

Filtration in nephron:

A

Occurs in the renal corpuscle/glomerulus

Movement of plasma from the glomerular capillaries (blood) into the glomerular capsule (nephron)

42
Q

What are filtered in the nephron?

A

Most substances in plasma are freely-filtered except large proteins (e.g. albumin) and substances bound to proteins

43
Q

Water and solutes are filtered at a…?

A

Constant rate

44
Q

Secretion:

A

Movement of solutes from the peritubular capillaries (blood) into the tubular fluid (nephron)

45
Q

What does secretion result in?

A

Removal of additional substances (waste products) from the blood by secreting them into the tubular fluid so they are excreted in the urine

E.g. metabolites, medications and toxins

46
Q

Reabsorption:

A

Movement of solutes from the tubular fluid (nephron) into the peritubular capillaries (blood)

Returns useful substances to the blood so they are NOT excreted in the urine

47
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule:

A

Bulk reabsorption of ions (sodium), water and nutrients (glucose)

Secretion of metabolites, medications and toxins

48
Q

Nephron loop:

A

Bulk reabsorption of ions (sodium), water

49
Q

Distal tubule and collecting duct:

A

Fine-tuning reabsorption of ions (sodium) and water

50
Q

Filtration:

A

Creates a plasma-like filtrate of the blood

Blood → Nephron

51
Q

Secretion:

A

Removes additional substances (waste products) from the blood and adds them into the tubular fluid

Blood → Nephron

52
Q

Reabsorption:

A

Returns useful substances to the blood by removing them from the tubular fluid

Nephron → Blood

53
Q

Glomerulus:

A

Filtration of plasma

54
Q

Sodium is?

A
  • Freely filtered
  • Not secreted
  • Almost fully reabsorbed: in most parts of the nephron
  • Small amount excreted in urine
55
Q

Glucose is?

A
  • Freely filtered
  • Not secreted
  • Fully reabsorbed: in PCT
  • None excreted in urine
56
Q

Medication and toxins are?

A
  • Freely filtered
  • Entirely secreted
  • Not reabsorbed
  • All in blood is excreted in urine
57
Q

Creatinine and inulin are?

A
  • Freely filtered
  • Not secreted
  • Not reabsorbed
  • All filtered is excreted in urine

HUBS192 2024 (38 decks)

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