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HUBS192 2024 > Lecture 30 - The main functions of the kidney & basic nephron process > Flashcards

Lecture 30 - The main functions of the kidney & basic nephron process Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we need kidneys?

A

To control what is in our blood and how much blood we have

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2
Q

Our cells produce waste products from?

A

Metabolism and breaking down old cell parts

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3
Q

What do the kidneys do with waste products?

A

Remove them from blood

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4
Q

What does the kidney also remove?

A

toxins and drugs/medication

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5
Q

What do the kidneys control the balance of?

A

Water

Ions

pH

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6
Q

What are some of the main functions of the kidneys?

A

Endocrine functions,
Metabolic functions,
Water homeostasis,
Salt/ion homeostasis,
Re-absorption of nutrients,
Excretion of medications, toxins and metabolites.

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7
Q

What are the major endocrine functions of the kidney?

A

Erythropoietin (EPO) and Chronic kidney/renal failure

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8
Q

When is Erythropoietin (EPO) secreted?

A

When low blood oxygen levels are detected by the kidneys and release EPO.

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9
Q

What does Erythropoietin (EPO) do?

A

EPO stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells

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10
Q

What happens when not enough EPO is produced?

A

Chronic kidney/renal failure as the kidneys cannot make enough EPO, leading to ANAEMIA: low blood oxygen levels

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11
Q

What are the major metabolic functions of the kidney?

A

Gluconeogenesis. Occurs during fasting, or when our body is under stress

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12
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

The kidneys make glucose (from lactate)

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13
Q

pH is the inverse of what?

A

H+ ion concentration

pH = -log[H+ ]

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14
Q

The more H+ ions there are?

A

the lower the pH = more acidic

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15
Q

What is normal blood pH range?

A

7.35-7.45

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16
Q

What are the two main sources of acid in the body?

A

Acids coming from metabolism, food and drink.

Carbon dioxide from metabolism

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17
Q

What is the pH of the blood controlled by?

A

Lungs: exhalation of carbon dioxide (CO2 )

Kidneys: by reabsorption and secretion of bicarbonate (HCO3 - ) and hydrogen ions (H+ )

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18
Q

What is the resting membrane potential based on?

A

K+ gradient (inside/outside) of cells

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19
Q

When does hyperkalemia occur?

A

When the kidneys cannot secrete enough potassium. Potassium builds up in the blood and can cause arrhythmias

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20
Q

What is lidocaine commonly used for?

A

Local anaesthetic

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21
Q

Where is Lidocaine excreted?

A

excreted by the kidneys after metabolism in the liver due to its fat soluble (lipophilic) nature

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22
Q

What is Aspirin commonly used for?

A

Common pain killer

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23
Q

Where is Aspirin excreted?

A

excreted directly by the kidneys due to its high water solubility (hydrophilic)

24
Q

Does total body water remain relatively constant?

25
What is TBW?
55% in females 60% in males
26
What is ECF?
1/3 of TBW
27
What is ICF?
2/3 of TBW
28
What is plasma?
1/5 of ECF`
29
What is interstitial fluid?
4/5 of ECF
30
The volume of fluid in the body water compartments can change due to?
how much water there is in the body the osmolarity of the body water compartments (water moves to where the osmolarity is highest)
31
why does volume of fluid in the body water compartments matter?
Increase in plasma : increase in BP Decrease in plasma: decrease in BP Increase in ICF: swelling of cells Decrease in ICF: shrinking of cells
32
What is osmolarity based on?
The number of osmotically active ions or solutes (which attract water)
33
What is the normal osmolarity range in the ICF and ECF?
275-300 mosmol/L
34
Isosmotic
same amount of solute molecules per litre same osmolarity
35
A change in the amount of water in the ECF changes the osmolarity in what two ways?
Hyposmotic and Hyperosmotic
36
Hyposmotic
Increase in water (hyper-hydration) less solute molecules per litre decrease in ECF/plasma osmolarity
37
Hyperosmotic
Decrease in water (dehydration) more solute molecules per litre increase in ECF/plasma osmolarity
38
Loss or gain of water results in? (change in osmolarity)
Loss or gain from ECF and ICF
39
Loss or gain of isosmotic fluid results in? (change in volume)
Decrease or Increase of ECF volume only.
40
What are the 3 basic functions of the nephron?
1. Filtration 2. Secretion 3. Reabsorption
41
Filtration in nephron:
Occurs in the renal corpuscle/glomerulus Movement of plasma from the glomerular capillaries (blood) into the glomerular capsule (nephron)
42
What are filtered in the nephron?
Most substances in plasma are freely-filtered except large proteins (e.g. albumin) and substances bound to proteins 
43
Water and solutes are filtered at a...?
Constant rate
44
Secretion:
Movement of solutes from the peritubular capillaries (blood) into the tubular fluid (nephron)
45
What does secretion result in?
Removal of additional substances (waste products) from the blood by secreting them into the tubular fluid so they are excreted in the urine E.g. metabolites, medications and toxins
46
Reabsorption:
Movement of solutes from the tubular fluid (nephron) into the peritubular capillaries (blood) Returns useful substances to the blood so they are NOT excreted in the urine
47
Proximal convoluted tubule:
Bulk reabsorption of ions (sodium), water and nutrients (glucose) Secretion of metabolites, medications and toxins
48
Nephron loop:
Bulk reabsorption of ions (sodium), water
49
Distal tubule and collecting duct:
Fine-tuning reabsorption of ions (sodium) and water
50
Filtration:
Creates a plasma-like filtrate of the blood Blood → Nephron
51
Secretion:
Removes additional substances (waste products) from the blood and adds them into the tubular fluid Blood → Nephron
52
Reabsorption: 
Returns useful substances to the blood by removing them from the tubular fluid Nephron → Blood
53
Glomerulus:
Filtration of plasma
54
Sodium is?
- Freely filtered - Not secreted - Almost fully reabsorbed: in most parts of the nephron - Small amount excreted in urine
55
Glucose is?
- Freely filtered - Not secreted - Fully reabsorbed: in PCT - None excreted in urine
56
Medication and toxins are?
- Freely filtered - Entirely secreted - Not reabsorbed - All in blood is excreted in urine
57
Creatinine and inulin are?
- Freely filtered - Not secreted - Not reabsorbed - All filtered is excreted in urine

HUBS192 2024 (38 decks)

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