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HUBS192 2024 > Lecture 13: COMPOSITION AND GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD > Flashcards

Lecture 13: COMPOSITION AND GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD Flashcards

1
Q

What are the general functions of blood?

A

Transport, Immune and Coagulation

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2
Q

What does the blood transport?

A

Oxygen, water, nutrients, carbon dioxide, waste products, ions, heat, hormones, coagulation factors and immune cells

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3
Q

What does the blood transport which is needed by cells?

A

Oxygen, water and nutrients

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4
Q

What does the blood transport to be broken down and removed?

A

Carbon dioxide and waste products

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5
Q

What are ions in the blood associated with?

A

pH and homeostasis

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6
Q

How does heat get into the blood?

A

A product of oxidative reactions in cells

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7
Q

What are hormones in the blood needed for?

A

To coordinate the activity of organs of the body

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8
Q

What is the immune function of blood needed for?

A

Fighting infection and production of the immune response

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9
Q

What is the immune response largely via?

A

White blood cells

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10
Q

What is coagulation needed for?

A

To prevent bleeding

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11
Q

How does coagulation occur?

A

Via platelets and coagulation factors in the plasma

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12
Q

What does blood consist of?

A

Plasma and formed elements

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13
Q

What amount is plasma?

A

55%

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14
Q

What amount is formed elements?

A

45%

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15
Q

What is blood volume typically proportional to?

A

Lean body mass

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16
Q

How many ml of blood per kg?

A

60-80

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17
Q

What makes up the plasma?

A

Plasma proteins (7%), other solutes (1%) and water (92%)

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18
Q

What are the plasma proteins?

A

Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, enzymes and hormones

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19
Q

What do albumins do?

A

Maintain osmotic pressure

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20
Q

What do globulins do?

A

Immune response

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21
Q

What does fibrinogen do?

A

Coagulation factor

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22
Q

What doe enzymes and hormones do?

A

Lots of functions, varies by person

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23
Q

What are the other solutes?

A

Electrolytes, organic nutrients and organic wastes

24
Q

What do electrolytes do?

A

Maintain pH and ion balance

25
Q

What are organic nutrients needed for?

A

Cells need these to function

26
Q

What are organic wastes for?

A

Cells are getting rid of this

27
Q

What is the main component of plasma?

A

Water

28
Q

What can water in the plasma do?

A

Hold a lot of heat

29
Q

What makes up the formed elements?

A

Platelets (<0.1%), White blood cells (<0.1%) and red blood cells (99.9%)

30
Q

What are platelets?

A

Cell fragments that participate in clotting (coagulation) to stop bleeding

31
Q

What are white blood cells?

A

Immune response and defence mechanisms which seek and destroy invading pathogens

32
Q

What are red blood cells?

A

By far the most common cell found in blood. Highly specialised to transport oxygen

33
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

The formation of blood cells

34
Q

Where is hematopoiesis initiated?

A

In the red bone marrow which contains hemocytoblasts

35
Q

What are hemocytoblasts?

A

The progenitors for all blood cells

36
Q

What is erythropoietin (EPO)?

A

The stimulating chemical to produce more red blood cells

37
Q

What is the shape of RBC’s/erythrocytes?

A

Biconcave disc

38
Q

What does the shape of RBC’s mean?

A

Large surface area: volume ration which allows efficient diffusion of gases. Also flexibility for movement through narrow capillaries

39
Q

What do RBC’s contain?

A

A large amount of haemoglobin (1/3 of weight)

40
Q

What do RBC’s use to bind oxygen?

A

Iron as part of the heme structure

41
Q

How many heme suits in a haemoglobin?

A

Four, so each haemoglobin van bind four oxygen molecules

42
Q

What determines oxygen carrying capacity?

A

The amount of haemoglobin and red blood cells

43
Q

What does centrifuged blood do?

A

Separate into its main components by weight

44
Q

What is hematocrit or packed cell volume (PCV)?

A

The fraction of blood occupied by red blood cells

45
Q

What is the hematocrits range for men?

A

0.4-0.54

46
Q

What is the hematocrits range for women?

A

0.37-0.47

47
Q

What is the Buffy coat?

A

The white blood cells and platelets (not always visible)

48
Q

What is low hematocrits?

A

Anemic

49
Q

What is high hematocrit?

A

Polycythemic

50
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

Generation of red blood cells

51
Q

What is required for erythropoiesis?

A

Iron so that haemoglobin can be made

52
Q

What is RBC production controlled by?

A

Homeostatic mechanism involving erythropoietin (EPO)

53
Q

What happens when oxygen levels are lower in the atmosphere?

A

There is less oxygen delivered to places throughout the body

54
Q

What is decreased oxygen levels sensed by?

A

The kidneys and in response more EPO is produced to increase the amount of RBC and therefore oxygen carrying capacity

55
Q

What improves the rate of erythropoiesis?

A

testosterone

HUBS192 2024 (38 decks)

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