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HUBS192 2024 > Lecture 38: COITUS, FERTILIZATION AND CONTRACEPTION > Flashcards

Lecture 38: COITUS, FERTILIZATION AND CONTRACEPTION Flashcards

1
Q

What is coitus?

A

Sexual intercourse/copulation

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2
Q

When does coitus occur?

A

When the erect penis is introduced to the vagina (intromission)

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3
Q

What is insemination?

A

Semen released into upper part of vagins

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4
Q

What can happen because of insemination?

A

Sperm can travel to the appropriate site for fertilisation (ampulla of uterine tube)

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5
Q

What are the stages of the male sexual act?

A

Erection, ejaculation and resolution

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6
Q

What type of action is erection?

A

Parasympathetic

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7
Q

What also happens during erection?

A

Mucus from bulbourethral gland is secreted into the urethra

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8
Q

What are the parts of ejaculation?

A

Emission and expulsion which are both sympathetic

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9
Q

What are erectile tissues surrounded by?

A

Different layers of fascia

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10
Q

What are the corpora cavernous and corpus spongiosum surrounded by?

A

Separate tunica albuginea

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11
Q

What surrounds the tunica albuginea?

A

Deep fascia

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12
Q

What surrounds the deep fascia?

A

Superficial fascia

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13
Q

What is within the erectile tissue?

A

Smooth muscle fibres (trabecular) surrounding lacunae

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14
Q

What do the structure of the clitoris and penis share?

A

Developmental origins

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15
Q

Are the tissues of the clitoris erectile?

A

Yes

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16
Q

What is the path of blood supply to the penis?

A

Abdominal aorta > common iliac artery > internal iliac artery > internal pudenal artery

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17
Q

Where does the gonadal artery branch from?

A

High from the abdominal aorta as the testes develop quite high

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18
Q

What does the internal pudenal artery do?

A

Feeds the perineum and external genitalia, including penis

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19
Q

What do branches to the penis include?

A

artery to bulb, urethral artery, dorsal artery, deep (cavernosal) artery

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20
Q

What are the veins of the penis?

A

deep dorsal, superficial dorsal and subtunical

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21
Q

When does blood supply to the penis increase?

A

During erection, filling the lacunae

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22
Q

What is the penis richly innervated with?

A

Sensory and motor neurons

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23
Q

What does the nerve supply of the penis include?

A

Sensory fibres responsive to touch, pressure and temperature

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24
Q

What does the pudenal nerve supply?

A

Sensory and somatic motor innervation to perineum and external genitalia, including penis (dorsal nerve)

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25
Q

What is autonomic innervation to the penis dervied from?

A

Pelvic plexus (parasympathetic and sympathetic)

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26
Q

What does erection stimulate?

A

Production of nitric oxide (NO)- a vasodilator by deep arteries of the penis

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27
Q

What do deep arteries do during erection?

A

Dilate and fill lacunae in corpora cavernosa with blood

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28
Q

What control is ejaculation under?

A

Sympathetic and somatic

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29
Q

What sympathetic processes happen during ejaculation?

A

Stimulates contraction of smooth muscle, reproductive glands and accessory glands

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30
Q

What is the somatic actions during ejaculation?

A

Stimulates contraction of skeletal muscle around the bulb of the penis

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31
Q

Erection is a …

A

parasympathetic response to stimuli (visual, mental, tactile)

32
Q

What is erectile dysfunction?

A

When erection can’t be maintained

33
Q

What does the smooth muscle of the ductus deferens do during emission?

A

It contracts to move sperm into the ampulla (peristaltic contractions)

34
Q

What do the smooth muscle of the ampulla, seminal vesicles and prostate gland do during emission?

A

Contract moving sperm and seminal fluid into the urethra

35
Q

What does semen in the urethra activate (during expulsion)?

A

Somatic and sympathetic reflexes

36
Q

What happens during expulsion?

A

Contractions of urethral smooth muscle, pelvic floor muscles contract and semen ejected

37
Q

What happens in resolution?

A

Blood flow to penis is reduced and the penis becomes flaccid

38
Q

What are the phases of the female sexual response similar to?

A

the reflex responses in the male

39
Q

What happens to the clitoris, labia and vagina in response to autonomic stimulation during the female sexual response?

A

Engorgement

40
Q

What is secreted through the vaginal wall in the female sexual response?

A

Lubricating fluid - secretion of mucus into vestibule (greater vestibule gland)

41
Q

What happens to the vagina in the female sexual response?

A

Increased width and length of vagina

42
Q

What happens to the uterus in the female sexual response?

A

It elevates upwards

43
Q

Where is there rhythmic contraction of in the female sexual response?

A

vagina, uterine and perineal (pelvic floor) muscles

44
Q

What does sperm do when it reaches the ampulla?

A

Fuses wth the secondary oocyte

45
Q

What does the oocyte do once the sperm has fused with it?

A

Complete meiosis 2

46
Q

What is the fertilized oocyte/ovum known as?

A

A zygote

47
Q

What does the zygote initiate?

A

Cleavage (about 7 days) and travels towards the uterus for implantation (now known as a blastocyst)

48
Q

What is contraception?

A

any method used to prevent pregnancy which can regulate when and how many pregnancies occur

49
Q

What are the methods of contraception?

A

Natural and artificial

50
Q

What are the artificial methods of contraception?

A

Barrier methods, hormonal contraceptives, intrauterine devices and sterilisation

51
Q

What do natural methods of contraception rely on?

A

Timing of coitus or behaviour during coitus

52
Q

Natural methods of contraception have a …

A

high failure rate

53
Q

What are some of the natural methods?

A

Rhythm method (periodic abstinence), withdrawal method (coitus interrputus), lactation infertility

54
Q

What is involved in the rhythm method?

A

Tracking cycle and no sex during ovulation

55
Q

What is involved in lactation infertility?

A

When breastfeeding don’t ovulate but it is difficult to know how long this will last

56
Q

What are the barrier methods?

A

Caps, diaphragms and condoms

57
Q

What are caps and diaphragms?

A

An imperfect barrier so should be used in conjunction with spermicidal foams/jellies/creams/sponges

58
Q

How long after intercourse does a cap/diaphragm need to remain?

A

6 hours

59
Q

Are caps and diaphragms commonly used?

A

Not anymore - preference for more effective and convenient methods

60
Q

What are the benefit of condoms?

A

Cheap, readily available, easy to use and reduce risk STI (the only method which does this)

61
Q

What are the steroidal contraceptives for females?

A

Combined oral contraceptive pills, progestin-only contraception

62
Q

What do combined oral contraceptive pills contain?

A

Estrogen and progestin (provide negative feedback)

63
Q

What do combined oral contraceptive pills do?

A

Suppress ovulation (affect feedback loops to hypothalamus and pituitary) and affect mucus produced by cervix making it more viscous (prevents sperm penetration)

64
Q

What are some progestin-only contraception methods?

A

Progesterone-only pill and subdermal implant/injectable progestins

65
Q

What does the progesterone-only pill have?

A

Low doses of progestin

66
Q

What does the progesterone -only pill effect?

A

Cervical mucus

67
Q

How long does the subnormal implant/injectable progestins last?

A

Long time (over years)

68
Q

How do subnormal implants/injectable progestins work?

A

Primarily by disrupting follicular growth and ovulation

69
Q

What are the types of IUD?

A

Copper and hormonal

70
Q

What does the copper IUD do?

A

Causes low grade inflammation, reduces sperm transport, is toxic to the oocyte and zygote, impairs implantation

71
Q

What does the hormonal IUD contain?

A

Progestins

72
Q

What does the hormonal IUD affect?

A

Cervical mucus, reducing spermtransport, has local affects on endometrium and may prevent ovulation

73
Q

What is the sterilisation method in females?

A

Tubal ligation

74
Q

What happens in tubal ligation?

A

Cut and tie uterine tubes

75
Q

What is the method of sterilisation in males?

A

Vasectomy

76
Q

What is vasectomy?

A

Cut vas (ductus) deferens

77
Q

What are caps and diaphragms?

A

An imperfect barrier so should be used in conjunction with spermicidal foams/jellies/creams/sponges

HUBS192 2024 (38 decks)

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