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HUBS192 2024 > Lecture 15: LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT > Flashcards

Lecture 15: LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the LRT?

A

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli

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2
Q

What are the functions of the LRT?

A

Conduct, complete and provide

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3
Q

What does the LRT conduct?

A

Air to/from site of gas exchange

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4
Q

What does the LRT complete?

A

Cleaning, warming and humidifying of air

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5
Q

What does the LRT provide?

A

A barrier between the air and blood, and a large surface area for gas exchange

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6
Q

What is the larynx a passage for?

A

Air only so has respiratory epithelium

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7
Q

Where is the larynx positioned?

A

Anterior to the esophagus

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8
Q

Where does the larynx go from?

A

The hyoid bone to the trachea

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9
Q

What does cartilage in the larynx do?

A

Protect and maintain open airway (remains potent)

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10
Q

What does the epiglottis do?

A

Closes over the airway when swallowing to prevent food entering the larynx

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11
Q

What are the cartilage in the larynx?

A

Cricoid cartilage, thyroid cartilage (with laryngeal prominence) and epiglottis

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12
Q

What does glottis mean?

A

Voicebox

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13
Q

What do the folds attach to?

A

Cartilages

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14
Q

What are the folds?

A

Vocal folds and vestibular folds

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15
Q

What are the true vocal cords?

A

Vocal folds

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16
Q

What does air passing the vocal folds do?

A

Cause vibrations = sound waves

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17
Q

What are the vocal folds used for?

A

Normal phonation

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18
Q

What affects cartilage and muscle?

A

Testosterone, resulting in longer, thicker folds which means a deeper voice

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19
Q

What are the false vocal cords?

A

Vestibular folds

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20
Q

Where are the vestibular folds found?

A

Superior to the vocal folds

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21
Q

What do vestibular folds do?

A

Prevent foreign object entry to glottis if it gets past the epiglottis

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22
Q

What sound can the vestibular folds produce?

A

Very deep sounds

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23
Q

Where is the trachea found?

A

Anterior to the esophagus

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24
Q

Where is the trachea between?

A

The larynx and primary bronchi

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25
Q

What is the function of the trachea?

A

To maintain a potent airway. Clean, warm and humidify air.

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26
Q

What epithelium does the trachea have?

A

Respiratory

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27
Q

What is the cartilage in the trachea?

A

C shaped cartilage rings. They aren’t completes so that oesophagus space isn taken up and muscle can run down the posterior

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28
Q

What are the ends of the cartilage in the trachea connected by?

A

A band of smooth muscle (trachealis) which contracts for coughing

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29
Q

What is in the lamina propria and submucosa layer of the trachea?

A

Many elastin fibres and all submucosal glands for producing extra mucus

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30
Q

What does the mucocillary escalator do?

A

Removes debris against gravity to the pharynx to be swallowed and digested

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31
Q

What coats the epithelium in the trachea?

A

Mucus from goblet cells and mucous glands

32
Q

What happens with debris in the trachea?

A

It becomes trapped

33
Q

What do cilia do in the trachea?

A

Moves mucus up to the pharynx

34
Q

How many lungs are there?

A

2

35
Q

How many lung lobes are there?

A

5

36
Q

How many lobes are there in the right lung?

A

3 (superior, middle and inferior)

37
Q

How many lobes are there in the left lung?

A

2 (as the heart takes up more space on the left)

38
Q

What is the hilum?

A

Where bronchi and blood vessels enter

39
Q

What is the apex of the lungs?

A

The superior region

40
Q

What is the costal surface of the lungs?

A

The outer surface against the ribs

41
Q

What is the base of the lungs?

A

The inferior region which sits on the diaphragm

42
Q

What is the start of the bronchial tree?

A

Trachea

43
Q

What comes after the trachea?

A

2 primary bronchi which enter the lungs at the hilum

44
Q

What comes after the primary bronchi?

A

Secondary (lobar) bronchi - 3 on right and 2 on left

45
Q

What comes after secondary (lobar) bronchi?

A

Tertiary segmental bronchi

46
Q

what comes after tertiary segmental bronchi?

A

Bronchioles

47
Q

What comes after the bronchioles?

A

A lot more branching leads to the terminal bronchioles

48
Q

What is the epithelium of primary bronchi?

A

Respiratory

49
Q

How is the cartilage and smooth muscle of primary bronchi?

A

Complete rings as there is no esophagus

50
Q

What is the epithelium of the secondary and tertiary bronchi?

A

Respiratory epithelium which is starting to decrease in height and less goblet cells

51
Q

How is the cartilage in secondary and tertiary bronchi?

A

Cartilage plates (not full rings as the air pressure holds them open)

52
Q

What is the size of bronchioles?

A

Less than 1mm

53
Q

what is the epithelium of the bronchioles?

A

Cuboidal

54
Q

How is the cartilage and smooth muscle in bronchioles?

A

No cartilage but thick smooth muscle for bronchoconstriction/dilation

55
Q

What is the size of terminal bronchioles?

A

Less than 0.5mm

56
Q

What does each terminal bronchiole supply?

A

A pulmonary lobule

57
Q

What is the respiratory zone made up of?

A

Pulmonary lobules made of many alveoli (air sacs)

58
Q

How are the alveoli arranged in the pulmonary lobules?

A

Like bunches of grapes

59
Q

How many alveoli per lung?

A

Approximately 150 million

60
Q

What makes up most of the lung volume?

A

Alveoli

61
Q

What does having many alveoli do?

A

Give an enormous surface area for gas exchange

62
Q

How are the alveolar walls?

A

Very thin - simple squamous epithelium on a thin basement membrane

63
Q

What is the external surface of alveoli covered in?

A

A fine network of pulmonary capillaries

64
Q

How is an alveolus described?

A

Pocket-like (open at one side)

65
Q

What is an alveolus covered by?

A

A dense capillary network

66
Q

What are the cells of the alveolus?

A

Pneumocytes (lung epithelial cells)

67
Q

What are the types of pneumocytes?

A

Type 1 squamous and Type 2 cuboidal

68
Q

What does the type 1 squamous cells form?

A

The respiratory membrane/bood-air barrier with the capillary wall and shared basement membrane

69
Q

Where are type 2 cuboidal cells found?

A

Scattered amongst type 1

70
Q

What do type 2 cuboidal cells do?

A

Secrete surfactant, a complex lipoprotein (phospholipid) that reduces the surface tension. of alveolar fluid (no deformation)

71
Q

What do roaming macrophages in the alveoli do?

A

Remove any debris which makes it to the alveoli

72
Q

What does each alveolus connect to?

A

Neighbouring alveoli so that air can flow through

73
Q

What is the respiratory membrane made of?

A

The alveolar cell layer, fused basement membrane of alveolar and capillary endothelium and also the capillary endothelium

74
Q

What way does oxygen flow from?

A

Alveoli to capillaries

75
Q

What way does carbon dioxide flow?

A

From capillaries to alveoli

76
Q

What is the respiratory membrane the site of?

A

Gas exchange

HUBS192 2024 (38 decks)

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