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HUBS192 2024 > Lecture 16: ANATOMY OF THE THORAX AND BREATHING > Flashcards

Lecture 16: ANATOMY OF THE THORAX AND BREATHING Flashcards

1
Q

What are our body cavities lined with?

A

Serous membranes

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2
Q

Where is the visceral layer of a serous membrane found?

A

On the organ

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3
Q

Where is the parietal layer of the serous membrane found?

A

On the body wall

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4
Q

What are the serous membranes in the thoracic cavity?

A

Pericardium (surrounds heart) and pleura (surrounds lungs)

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5
Q

What is the serous membrane in the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

Peritoneum

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6
Q

What does the thoracic cavity contain?

A

Mediastinum in the middle and pleural cavities either side

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7
Q

What is in the mediastinum?

A

Heart, vessels and pericardium

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8
Q

What is in the pleural cavities?

A

Lungs

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9
Q

What is the anterior boundary of the thoracic cavity?

A

Sternum

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10
Q

What is the posterior boundary of the thoracic cavity?

A

Thoracic vertebrae

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11
Q

What is the lateral boundary of the thoracic cavity?

A

Ribs

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12
Q

What is the superior boundary of the thoracic cavity?

A

Base of neck

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13
Q

What is the inferior boundary of the thoracic cavity?

A

Diaphragm

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14
Q

What is the relationship between pressure and volume?

A

Pressure is inversely proportional to volume

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15
Q

What happens if we change the volume of the thorax?

A

We change the pressure

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16
Q

What happens to volume and pressure during inspiration?

A

volume increases and pressure decreases

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17
Q

What happens to volume and pressure during expiration?

A

volume decreases and pressure increases

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18
Q

What is Boyles law?

A

P=1/V

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19
Q

What is pressure measured by?

A

Collisions

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20
Q

What does a smaller space mean?

A

More collisions and increased pressure

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21
Q

What does a bigger space mean?

A

Less collisions and decreased pressure

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22
Q

Where will air move?

A

To a lower pressure space

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23
Q

What needs to be established to breathe?

A

A pressure gradient so air can move

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24
Q

What is the pressure between breaths?

A

Pressure inside cavity is equal to pressure outside cavity so there is no gradient

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25
Q

What is the pressure during inspiration/inhalation?

A

Increased volume of thorax, therefore decrease pressure so pressure outside is greater than pressure inside and air flows in

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26
Q

What is the pressure during expiration/exhalation?

A

Decreased volume of thorax, therefore increased pressure so pressure outside is less than pressure inside and air flows out

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27
Q

How does the sternum connect to ribs?

A

Via costal cartilage (hyaline)

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28
Q

How many synovial joints on each side of the sternum?

A

6

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29
Q

How many cartilaginous joints on each side of the sternum?

A

1

30
Q

What is the joint between the costal cartilage and sternum?

A

Sternocostal

31
Q

What type of joint is the sternocostal?

A

Synovial, except the first one is cartilaginous

32
Q

What is the joint between the cartilage and ribs?

A

Chostochondral

33
Q

What type of joint is the chostochondral?

A

Cartilaginous

34
Q

What are the joints between cartilage of ribs which don’t connect directly to the sternum?

A

Interchondral

35
Q

What type of joints are the interchondral?

A

Synovial

36
Q

What are the posterior thoracic joints articulations between?

A

Thoracic vertebrae and ribs

37
Q

What type of joints are the posterior thoracic joints?

A

Synovial

38
Q

What is the joint between the rib and transverse process of vertebrae?

A

Costotransverse

39
Q

What is the joint between the rib and body of the vertebrae?

A

Costovertebral

40
Q

what do respiratory muscles do?

A

Move the rib cage to allow us to breathe

41
Q

What are the primary inspiratory muscles?

A

Diaphragm (needed to survive) and intercostals (not needed to survive)

42
Q

When are the accessory muscles active?

A

Only when needed

43
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

A sheet of skeletal muscle which separates the thorax from the abdomen

44
Q

What is the shape of the diaphragm when relaxed?

A

Dome shaped

45
Q

What is the shape of the diaphragm when contracted?

A

Flattened

46
Q

What does contraction of the diaphragm do?

A

Expands the thoracic cavity and compresses abdominopelvic cavity

47
Q

What travels through the diaphragm?

A

Inferior vena cava, esophagus and aorta

48
Q

Where do intercostal muscles attach?

A

Diagonally between neighbouring ribs

49
Q

Where do the external intercostals run?

A

from up and out to down and in so when they contract they lift the ribcage and expand the cavity

50
Q

What are the external intercostals involved in?

A

Inspiration - quiet and forced

51
Q

Where do the internal intercostals run?

A

From up and in to down and out so when they contract they depress the ribcage and decrease the cavity

52
Q

What are the internal intercostals involved in?

A

Expiration - forced only

53
Q

What are the accessory muscles?

A

Several muscles that attach to the thoracic cage

54
Q

What are the functions of accessory muscles?

A

Some increase cavity volume for forced inspiration and some decreased cavity volume for forced expiration

55
Q

How are the muscles of respiration during normal ‘quiet’ inspiration?

A

The diaphragm contracts and flattens and external intercostals contract and lift the ribs

56
Q

How are the muscles of respiration during active ‘forced’ breathing?

A

The diaphragm contracts, flattens and external intercostals contract and lift the ribs and accessory muscles contract to further expand the thoracic cavity

57
Q

What type of process is normal ‘quiet’ expiration?

A

Passive

58
Q

How are the muscles of respiration during normal ‘quiet’ expiration?

A

The diaphragm relaxes and becomes dome shaped and the external intercostals relax so the ribs are no longer lifted

59
Q

How are the muscles of respiration during active ‘forced’ expiration?

A

The diaphragm relaxes and becomes dome shaped, the external intercostals relax so the ribs are no longer lifted, internal intercostals contract and depress ribs and accessory muscles contract to further decrease cavity volume

60
Q

What is lung tissue?

A

Elastic and always trying to recoil

61
Q

What does the pleura do?

A

Make the lungs stick to the thoracic wall

62
Q

What do lungs do during inspiration?

A

Expand

63
Q

What do lungs do during expiration?

A

Decrease

64
Q

Where is the visceral pleura?

A

On the lungs

65
Q

Where is the parietal pleura?

A

On the thoracic wall

66
Q

What is in between the visceral and parietal pleura?

A

Pleural fluid

67
Q

What does the pleural fluid do?

A

Make a slippery surface for frictionless movement against other structures and fluid bond causes lungs to stick to thoracic wall

68
Q

What does thoracic wall movement result in?

A

Lung movement

69
Q

What happens when there is an increased volume of the thorax?

A

Increased volume of the lungs, decreased pressure in the lungs and so air flows in

70
Q

What happens when there is a decreased volume of the thorax?

A

Decreased volume of the lungs, increased pressure in the lungs and so air flows out

71
Q

What level is the diaphragm found at?

A

The 12th rib

HUBS192 2024 (38 decks)

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