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Anatomy and Physiology > Lecture 4 study guide > Flashcards

Lecture 4 study guide Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following best describes why dyes are so useful for microscopic viewing of biological specimens?
Dyes used for microscopic viewing directly indicate function of cell structures.
Microscopic viewing of specimens allows for the direct identification of cell and tissue structures not functions.
Dyes chemically react with cell structures to produce color.
Dyes are colored molecules that bind to specific macromolecules within cells and tissues.
Specific dyes will bind to different parts of cells and tissues.

A

specific dyes will bind with different parts of cells and tissues

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2
Q

Which of the following forms the slick, friction-reducing lining of blood vessels?

A

simple squamous epithelium

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3
Q

Which of the following tissues form a lining or covering designed to resist abrasion?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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4
Q

which of the following is true of connective tissues?

A

Most connective tissues have an extensive nonliving extracellular matrix.

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5
Q

Which of these connective tissues contain the least abundance of collagen fibers?

A

areolar

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6
Q

Which type of muscle tissue is injured when you pull a muscle while exercising

A

skeletal muscle tissue

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7
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic of cardiac muscle?

A

branching cells that form junctions with one another

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8
Q

Which of the following are nonconducting cells that function to support the activities of cells that generate and transmit electrical impulses?

A

neuroglia or glial cells

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9
Q

Which membrane contains an abundance of the protein keratin?

A

cutaneous membrane

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10
Q

During which stage of tissue repair shown in figure 4.15 do we expect to observe the release of histamine from mast cells?

A

inflammation

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11
Q

define histology

A

the study of the microscopic structure of tissues

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12
Q

epithelial tissue

A
  • Lines the body cavities, covers body surfaces, and is found in the glands. Divides more quickly than the other tissue types. Tightly packed cells, avascular and innervated, have polarity (apical/basal surfaces), attached to the basement membrane, high rate of cell division
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13
Q

connective tissue

A
  • Provides the body with structural support. Connects structures together, stores energy, participates in the immune response. All connective tissues develop from the same embryonic tissue. Consists of cells, ground substance, and fibers. Together, they make up the extracellular matrix
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14
Q

nervous tissue

A
  • Neurons that are branching cells; may be quite long extended from the nucleus, containing cells. Contributes to nervous tissue. Transmits electrical signals form electron receptors, in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
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15
Q

muscle tissue

A
  • Contracts to cause movement in the body. Skeletal – muscles attached to bone. Cardiac – the muscles of the heart. Smooth – the muscles of the walls of hollow organs
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16
Q

simple squamous epithelium

A
  • (one layer of cells), flattened scale like. Typically found where absorption, secretion, and filtration occur, a thin epithelial barrier is desirable.
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17
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium

A

cube shaped, and box like. Approximately as tall as they are wide

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18
Q

simple columnar epithelium

A

column-shaped, have microvilli on apical surface and have tubular glands
- line the digestive tract from the stomach to the rectum

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19
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A
  • Singla layer of cells differing in heights, nuclei at different levels, may have mucus secreting cells and cilia
  • Secrete substances, propulsion of mucus by ciliary action
  • The impression of multiple layers but is only one
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20
Q

stratified squamous epithelium

A
  • Thick epithelium composed of several cell layers, basal cells are cuboidal, the surface cells are flattened. Protects the underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion.
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21
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelium

A
  • Quite rare, mostly in ducts and in larger glands. Typically have two layers
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22
Q

stratified columnar epithelium

A
  • Limited distribution, in the male urethra, pharynx, and lining some of the glandular ducts
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23
Q

stratified transitional epithelium

A
  • Resembles both the stratified squamous and cuboidal. The tops are dome-shaped and squamous like surface.
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24
Q

endocrine glands

A
  • Ductless glands that empty their hormonal products directly into the blood. (produces hormones). Secrete directly into the extracellular space
  • Internal glands
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25
Q

exocrine glands

A
  • Secrete their products (mucous, sweat, saliva, etc) out of the body ot into the ducts.
  • External
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26
Q

define mesenchyme

A
  • A type of loosely organized undifferentiated mostly mesodermal cells that give rise to such structures as connective tissues, blood, lymphatic, bone, and cartilage.
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27
Q

describe the composition of the extracellular matrix

A
  • Nonliving material in connective tissue consisting of ground substances and fibers; separates the living cells.
28
Q

mesenchyme forms

A

all connective tissues develop from the embryonic tissues

29
Q

connective tissues

A

the most abundant and widely distributed
- provides the body with structural support
- connects structures together
- participates in the immune response

30
Q

the types of loose connective tissue

A

areolar
adipose
reticular

31
Q

areolar tissues

A
  • Gel-like matrix with all three fiber types; fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and even some white blood cells.
  • Wrap and cushion organs, its macrophages phagocytize bacteria, is important with inflammation, packages organs, and surrounds capillaries.
  • Under the epithelia of the body, forms the lamina propria of mucous membranes, packages organs, surrounds capillaries.
  • Loose arrangement of collagen and elastic fibers. The universal packing material
32
Q

the connective tissue structure

A

consist of cells, ground substance, and fibers
- together the ground substance and fibers make up the extracellular matrix

33
Q

immature cells

A

fibrolasts

34
Q

adipose tissues

A
  • Matrix as in areolar, but very sparse; closely packed adipocytes, or fat cells, have the nucleus pushed to the side by fat.
  • Provide and reserve food fuel; insulate against the heat loss; supports and protects organs
  • Under the skin in subcutaneous tissue; around kidneys and eyes; in the abdomen and breasts
35
Q

visceral

A

fat that is associated with the organs itself

36
Q

reticular

A
  • Loose network of reticular fibers in a gel-like ground substance; reticular cells lie on the fibers.
  • Form a soft internal skeleton (stoma) that supports other cell types including WBCs, mast cells, and macrophages. Provides support for the organs (especially the more fragile ones)
  • Lymphoid organs, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and elastic fibers
  • always appears to look like a spider web which are created by a framework of reticular proteins.
37
Q

types of dense connective tissue

A

dense regular
dense irregular
elastic

38
Q

dense regular tissue

A
  • Primarily parallel collagen fibers a few elastic fibers; and the major cell type if the fibroblast. In places that have a lot of force on them.
  • Attaches muscle to bone or bones to muscles; withstands great tensile stress when pulling forces are applied in one direction. The straighter the lines, the less relaxed.
  • The collagen fibers run in the same direction parallel to each other so they are less likely to tear.
  • In tendons, most ligaments, and aponeuroses
39
Q

dense irregular tissue

A
  • Primarily irregularly arranges in collagen fibers; some elastic; major cell type is fibroblasts. The fibers have a irregular placement so they are beneficial in areas where forces pull in multiple directions
  • Structural strength. More likely to tear
  • Found in fibrous capsules of organs and joints, debris of the skin, submucosa of digestive tract. In the dermis.
40
Q

elastic tissue

A
  • Dense regular connective tissue containing high proportion of elastic fibers. The elastic fibers are thinner, curvier, and flexible
  • Allows tissue to recoil after they stretch, maintain pulsatile flow of blood through arteries; aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration.
  • In walls of large arteries; within certain ligaments associated with vertebral columns, and bronchial tubes
41
Q

types of connective tissue cartilage

A

hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage

42
Q

hyaline cartilage

A
  • Amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers form an imperceptible network; chondroblasts produce and when mature lie in the lacunae.
  • Supports and reinforces, is a cushion, relieves compressive stress. Most embryonic skeleton, covers ends of long bones, tip of the nose
43
Q

elastic cartilage

A
  • Like hyaline, but with more elastic fibers. Maintains shape of structure with flexibility. Supports the external ear (pinna), epiglottis
    • most abundant one, will reduce friction in the bones
    • connects the ribs to the sternum and is on the ends of joints
44
Q

fibrocartilage

A
  • Less than hyaline, thick collagen fibers predominate in intervertebral disks, public symphysis, discs of knee joints.
    • have a lot of dense collagen fibers, and are good at withstanding compression
45
Q

chondroblast

A

immature cells that build cartilage

46
Q

chondrocyte

A

mature cartilage cells

47
Q

Bone (osseous) tissue

A
  • Hard, calcified matrix with many collagen fibers; the osteocytes in lacunae.
  • Supports and protects, provides levers for the muscles
  • have nerves and a solid hard matrix
  • synthesizes blood and fat storage
48
Q

immature bone cells

A

osteoblasts -> they build up

49
Q

mature bone cell

A

osteocytes

50
Q

blood

A
  • Red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma). Transports respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and others. Contained within blood vessels.
    • blood plasma -> water dissolved with proteins
51
Q

erythrocyte

A

red blood cells
they are shaped like a frisbee/disk and are thinner in the middle

52
Q

leukocyte

A

white blood cells
they work in the immune system

53
Q

platelets

A

not complete cells, just fragments of cells
- they help with the clotting of blood in the body

54
Q

What kind of epithelial tissue is best adapted for the rapid transport of materials across its membrane

A

Simple squamous

55
Q

holocrine

A

glands that accumulate their secretions within their cells; secretions are discharged only upon rupture and death of the cell
- cell dies and is replaced by a new cell

56
Q

merocrine

A

glands that produce secretions intermittently; secretions do not accumulate in the gland
- secretions are released via exocytosis

57
Q

apocrine

A

present in other animals, some controversy on if humans have this
- buds off part of the cell at the apex

58
Q

skeletal muscle

A

attaches to the bone and allows for voluntary movement
- the cells have more than one nucleus in each cell

59
Q

cardiac muscle

A
  • Found in walls of the heart. The contractions of this tissue allow the heart to beat and the blood to move.
  • We do not control this movement, it is involuntary. Typically has one of two nuclei in each cell.
  • Have intercalated discs which is a good indication of muscle cells. These discs are typically a marker for the junction between muscle cells
60
Q

smooth muscle

A
  • You can’t see any visible striations, is involuntary control.
  • Lines the insides of the blood vessels, the digestive system to help it contract. The cells taper off to a point in each scenario.
  • Work on moving substances throughout the body.
61
Q

nervous tissue

A
  • Nervous tissue makes up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Regulates and controls body functions
62
Q

neurons

A
  • Work to generate and conduct nerve impulses. This is how the body communicates
63
Q

neuroglia (glial cells)

A
  • Generally smaller and are very diverse. They help support neurons and help them keep the body running
64
Q

muscle tissue

A
  • Specialized for contraction and movement. Are vascularized and innervated
65
Q

regeneration

A

replacement of damaged tissue with new tissues of the same kind

66
Q

levels of regeneration

A
  • Extremely well – epithelial, bone, areolar connective, dense irregular, blood
  • Moderate – smooth, dense regular
  • Weak – skeletal, cartilage
  • Virtually none – cardiac, nervous

Anatomy and Physiology (32 decks)

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