lecture 25

Question 1

mechanoreceptors

Answer 1

 Responds to a mechanical force (force, pressure, touch, vibration, etc)

Question 2

o Thermoreceptors

Answer 2

 Responds in change to temperature (in our skin)

Question 3

Photoreceptors

Answer 3

 Responds to light

Question 4

Chemoreceptors

Answer 4

 Respond to chemicals (when we taste something that is our chemoreceptors working)

Question 5

Nociceptors

Answer 5

 Special receptors that respond to pain

Question 6

Exteroceptors

Answer 6

 Respond to external stimuli

Question 7

Interoceptors

Answer 7

 Responds to internal (visceral) stimuli

Question 8

Proprioceptors

Answer 8

 Responds to body position and movement
* How the body knows where we are and our position without looking

Question 9

sensation

Answer 9

awareness of a stimulus; physical awareness that there is some kind of change happening around you

Question 10

perception

Answer 10

interpretation of a stimuli

Question 11

endoneurium

Answer 11

the more internal - covers the fibers

Question 12

perineurium

Answer 12

is around each fascicle

Question 13

epineurium

Answer 13

the entire nerve is surrounded by this

Question 14

fascicle

Answer 14

is surrounded by fascicle

Question 15

olfactory nerve

Answer 15

nerve 1
sensory
olfaction or smell

Question 16

optic nerve

Answer 16

nerve 2
sensory
vision

Question 17

oculomotor nerve

Answer 17

nerve 3
motor
eye movement

Question 18

trochlear nerve

Answer 18

nerve 4
motor
eye movement

Question 19

trigeminal

Answer 19

nerve 5
both sensory and motor
facial, tongue, mastication

Question 20

abducens nerve

Answer 20

nerve 6
motor
eye movement

Question 21

facial nerve

Answer 21

nerve 7
both motor and sensory
taste, facial expression, eye movement, locomotion

Question 22

vestibulocochlear nerve

Answer 22

nerve 8
sensory
balance and hearing

Question 23

glossopharyngeal nerve

Answer 23

nerve 9
both sensory and motor
taste/sensation (pharynx sensation and chemo receptors), swallowing and salvation

Question 24

vagus nerve

Answer 24

nerve 10
both sensory and motor
swallow, speech, and cough. Ears, pharynx, larynx, thorax, abdomen, taste/sensation, epiglottis

Question 25

accessory nerve

Answer 25

nerve 11
motor
head turning, shoulder shrugging

Question 26

hypoglossal nerve

Answer 26

nerve 12
motor
tongue movement

Question 27

dorsal ramus

Answer 27

on the posterior side, and supplies the muscles of the posterior trunk or the back

Question 28

ventral ramus

Answer 28

on the anterior side, much more complex and supplies the rest of the trunk and the limbs. The ventral rami of most of the spinal nerves interconnect to form complex networks (plexuses)

Question 29

Explain why both the dorsal and ventral rami carry both sensory and motor fibers

Answer 29

 This is because each spinal nerve has both sensory and motor fibers so that when it branches into ventral and dorsal rami then they both have sensory and motor.

Question 30

Describe the general makeup of a nerve plexus

Answer 30

o Is consisting of afferent and efferent fibers that arise when there is a merging of the anterior rami of the spinal nerves and blood vessels.

Question 31

phrenic nerve

Answer 31

provides sensation and motor function to the diaphragm

Question 32

ulnar nerve

Answer 32

 Is a nerve derived from the brachial plexus, when we hit the elbow, we feel this. This is what causes us to sometimes feel tingling or shooting pain if we hit our elbow hard.
 Gives motor innervation to the muscles and sensory innervation to the wrist, forearm, and digits.

Question 33

sciatic nerve

Answer 33

 The largest nerve in the body. Provides motor innervation to the muscles of the posterior thigh, and sensory innervation to the foot and all of the lower leg but the medial portion

Question 34

reflex

Answer 34

the rapid and automatic response that consistently occur from a specific stimulus
 Intrinsic – unlearned
 Extrinsic – learned from practice and repetition

Question 35

monosynaptic and polysynaptic

Answer 35

 Monosynaptic - A reflex pathway involving a single synapse
 Polysynaptic - A reflex pathway involving two or more synapses

Question 36

ipsilateral and contralateral

Answer 36

 Ipsilateral – belonging to or occurring on the same side of the body
 Contralateral – relating to or denoting the side of the body opposite to that on which a particular structure or condition occurs

Question 37

Explain the functional reason why each reflex type exists

Answer 37

 Reflexes are usually protective in nature and respond to certain stimuli. They are typically autonomic and involuntary actions to produce this response to certain stimuli.

Question 38

describe the role of the components of the reflex arc

Answer 38

o Receptor
 Is embedded in the skin, and responds to the stimulus of the pin prick
o Sensory neuron
 The sensory neuron carries the signal into the spinal cord (does not have to travel all the way up to the brain), the response happens in the spinal cord
o Integration center
 Will go to the interneuron in the gray matter of the spinal cord and integrate it to decide what to do with it
o Motor neuron
 Will send the signal out to the effector organ so that it can be sent or do something specific
o Effector
 Will receive the signal form the motor neuron

Question 39

stretch reflex

Answer 39

is a muscle or tendon is stretched, a stretch reflex causes the muscle to contract (ipsilateral)
- patellar reflex

Question 40

flexor (withdrawal) reflex

Answer 40

is initiated by a painful stimulus
- stimulated on the same side of the body it is withdrawn from