Chatper 2

Question 1

Organic compounds

Answer 1

• organic compounds contain carbon and are associated with living organisms

Question 2

Carbon is?

Answer 2

• carbon is electroneutral, so it shares its electrons with other atoms to form covalent bonds
  
  • has no new electric charge

Question 3

What are the 4 class of macromolecules

Answer 3

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

Question 4

Polymer

Answer 4

Polymer - a large, chain-like molecule made up of smaller building blocks called monomers
- most macromolecules exist as polymers

Question 5

Carbohydrates are?

Answer 5

Built from monosaccharides (single sugars)

Question 6

Lipids are?

Answer 6

(Often) built from glycerol and fatty acids

Question 7

Proteins are?

Answer 7

Built from amino acids

Question 8

Nucleic acids are?

Answer 8

Built from nucleotides

Question 9

The building and breaking down of polymers

Answer 9

• monomers are joined together via dehydration synthesis
  
  • when a hydrogen atom from one monomer and a hydroxyl group (containing a hydrogen and oxygen atom) from another monomer combine together
  • (H is taken from one and OH or HO form the other) a water molecule if then released

Question 10

Hydrolysis

Answer 10

• (“water splitting”) reactions break the bonds between monomers
  - and water molecules is broken apart and H goes to one monomer and HO or OH goes to the other

Question 11

Carbohydrates contain?

Answer 11

• contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
  
  • “carbon-hydrate” = carbon + water
  • primarily used as an energy source for cells
  • for every carbon there is one oxygen and two hydrogen
  • some are structural carbohydrates

Question 12

Examples of carbohydrates

Answer 12

• glucose (a monosaccharide) -> blood sugar
• lactose (a disaccharide) -> milk sugar
• glycogen (polysaccharide) -> animals for energy storage

Question 13

Lipids contain?

Answer 13

• contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (sometimes phosphorous)
  - The proportion of oxygen in lipids is lower than in carbohydrates
  
  • typically hydrophobic
• What we think of as fats, oils, and cholesterol)

Question 14

What are lipids in accordance to water

Answer 14

Typically Hydrophobic
- water-fearing

Question 15

Examples of lipids

Answer 15

• steroids
• triglycerides (fats)
• phospholipids

Question 16

Where are triglycerides found/

Answer 16

In the subcutaneous layer

Question 17

Proteins are?

Answer 17

• composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen (sometimes sulfur)

Question 18

How many tails do phospholipids have

Answer 18

2

Question 19

What are some of the protein functions

Answer 19

Structural proteins
Contractile proteins
Transport proteins
Communication proteins
Antibodies
Enzymes

Question 20

What are proteins essential to

Answer 20

Proteins are essential to most physiological processes

Question 21

Structural proteins

Answer 21

• define the cell shape and provide support for body structures

Question 22

Example of structural proteins

Answer 22

Keratin is a protein that provides structural support to your hair, fingernails, and the outer layer of your skin
- are tough fibrous proteins

Question 23

Contractile proteins

Answer 23

• allow movement of cells or molecule within cells
  - contraction (muscle contraction and movement of the cells and the body)

Question 24

Example of contractile proteins

Answer 24

• actin and myosin proteins are essential to the process of muscle contraction
  - are tough and fibrous proteins

Question 25

Transport proteins

Answer 25

- carry substances throughout the body; control what goes in and out of the cell

Question 26

Example of transport proteins

Answer 26

- hemoglobin within red blood cells transport oxygen throughout the body - we need this to survive

Question 27

Communication proteins

Answer 27

- convey signals between cells

Question 28

Example of a communication protein

Answer 28

- insulin regulated the glucose levels in your blood - without insulin the blood sugar in the body would not be regulated properly

Question 29

Antibodies

Answer 29

- attack pathogen to protect disease - important to stop disease form the body

Question 30

example of antibody

Answer 30

IgE (immunoglobulin E) protects against parasitic infection and is involved in allergic reactions - may think it is protecting you against something that might kill you

Question 31

Enzymes

Answer 31

- enzymes are specialized ones that catalyze of speed up chemical reactions

Question 32

Example of an enzyme

Answer 32

Lactase is an enzyme that catalyzes the break down of lactose, allowing digestion of the lactose in milk and other dairy products - without the production of lactase often people are lactose intolerant

Question 33

Nucleic acids are composed of?

Answer 33

- composed of carbon, oxygen, phosphorous, nitrogen, and hydrogen

Question 34

What do nucleic acids do?

Answer 34

Store and process information

Question 35

Nucleic acid examples

Answer 35

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Question 36

Nuleic acids are involved in

Answer 36

Genetics

Question 37

Nucleic acids: Nucleotides

Answer 37

- nucleotides consist of: A phosphate group A five-carbon sugar molecule A nitrogenous (nitrogen-containing) base

Question 38

Explain ATP

Answer 38

- your body uses Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) as a important energy source - composed of an adenine-containing RNA nucleotide with 2 added phosphate groups

Question 39

What is ATP done in the body by

Answer 39

ATP is used in the body through breaking down glucose

Question 40

Cyanide does what

Answer 40

- disrupts the process of cellular respiration by blocking the electron transport chain - disrupts the process of cellular respiration Cyanide is one of the deadliest known poisons The tissues that depend highly on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system will break down