Chatper 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Organic compounds

A
  • organic compounds contain carbon and are associated with living organisms
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2
Q

Carbon is?

A
  • carbon is electroneutral, so it shares its electrons with other atoms to form covalent bonds
    • has no new electric charge
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3
Q

What are the 4 class of macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

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4
Q

Polymer

A

Polymer - a large, chain-like molecule made up of smaller building blocks called monomers
- most macromolecules exist as polymers

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5
Q

Carbohydrates are?

A

Built from monosaccharides (single sugars)

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6
Q

Lipids are?

A

(Often) built from glycerol and fatty acids

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7
Q

Proteins are?

A

Built from amino acids

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8
Q

Nucleic acids are?

A

Built from nucleotides

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9
Q

The building and breaking down of polymers

A
  • monomers are joined together via dehydration synthesis
    • when a hydrogen atom from one monomer and a hydroxyl group (containing a hydrogen and oxygen atom) from another monomer combine together
    • (H is taken from one and OH or HO form the other) a water molecule if then released
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10
Q

Hydrolysis

A
  • (“water splitting”) reactions break the bonds between monomers
    - and water molecules is broken apart and H goes to one monomer and HO or OH goes to the other
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11
Q

Carbohydrates contain?

A
  • contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
    • “carbon-hydrate” = carbon + water
    • primarily used as an energy source for cells
    • for every carbon there is one oxygen and two hydrogen
    • some are structural carbohydrates
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12
Q

Examples of carbohydrates

A
  • glucose (a monosaccharide) -> blood sugar
  • lactose (a disaccharide) -> milk sugar
  • glycogen (polysaccharide) -> animals for energy storage
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13
Q

Lipids contain?

A
  • contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (sometimes phosphorous)
    - The proportion of oxygen in lipids is lower than in carbohydrates
    • typically hydrophobic
  • What we think of as fats, oils, and cholesterol)
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14
Q

What are lipids in accordance to water

A

Typically Hydrophobic
- water-fearing

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15
Q

Examples of lipids

A
  • steroids
  • triglycerides (fats)
  • phospholipids
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16
Q

Where are triglycerides found/

A

In the subcutaneous layer

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17
Q

Proteins are?

A
  • composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen (sometimes sulfur)
18
Q

How many tails do phospholipids have

A

2

19
Q

What are some of the protein functions

A

Structural proteins
Contractile proteins
Transport proteins
Communication proteins
Antibodies
Enzymes

20
Q

What are proteins essential to

A

Proteins are essential to most physiological processes

21
Q

Structural proteins

A
  • define the cell shape and provide support for body structures
22
Q

Example of structural proteins

A

Keratin is a protein that provides structural support to your hair, fingernails, and the outer layer of your skin
- are tough fibrous proteins

23
Q

Contractile proteins

A
  • allow movement of cells or molecule within cells
    - contraction (muscle contraction and movement of the cells and the body)
24
Q

Example of contractile proteins

A
  • actin and myosin proteins are essential to the process of muscle contraction
    - are tough and fibrous proteins
25
Q

Transport proteins

A
  • carry substances throughout the body; control what goes in and out of the cell
26
Q

Example of transport proteins

A
  • hemoglobin within red blood cells transport oxygen throughout the body
    - we need this to survive
27
Q

Communication proteins

A
  • convey signals between cells
28
Q

Example of a communication protein

A
  • insulin regulated the glucose levels in your blood
    - without insulin the blood sugar in the body would not be regulated properly
29
Q

Antibodies

A
  • attack pathogen to protect disease
    - important to stop disease form the body
30
Q

example of antibody

A

IgE (immunoglobulin E) protects against parasitic infection and is involved in allergic reactions
- may think it is protecting you against something that might kill you

31
Q

Enzymes

A
  • enzymes are specialized ones that catalyze of speed up chemical reactions
32
Q

Example of an enzyme

A

Lactase is an enzyme that catalyzes the break down of lactose, allowing digestion of the lactose in milk and other dairy products
- without the production of lactase often people are lactose intolerant

33
Q

Nucleic acids are composed of?

A
  • composed of carbon, oxygen, phosphorous, nitrogen, and hydrogen
34
Q

What do nucleic acids do?

A

Store and process information

35
Q

Nucleic acid examples

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
RNA (ribonucleic acid)

36
Q

Nuleic acids are involved in

A

Genetics

37
Q

Nucleic acids: Nucleotides

A
  • nucleotides consist of:
    A phosphate group
    A five-carbon sugar molecule
    A nitrogenous (nitrogen-containing) base
38
Q

Explain ATP

A
  • your body uses Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) as a important energy source
    - composed of an adenine-containing RNA nucleotide with 2 added phosphate groups
39
Q

What is ATP done in the body by

A

ATP is used in the body through breaking down glucose

40
Q

Cyanide does what

A
  • disrupts the process of cellular respiration by blocking the electron transport chain
    - disrupts the process of cellular respiration
    Cyanide is one of the deadliest known poisons

The tissues that depend highly on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system will break down