chapter 1 Flashcards
integumentary system
- forms the external body coverings, and protects deeper tissues from injury.
- synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous receptors, sweat, and oil glands
skeletal system
- protects and supports the body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement.
- Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals
muscular system
- allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expressions. Maintains posture, and produces heat
nervous system
- as the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
endocrine system
- glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells
cardiovascular system
- blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.
- the heart pumps blood
lymphatic system/immunity
- picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes), involved in immunity.
- the immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body
respiratory system
- keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. These exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs
digestive system
- breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.
- Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.
urinary system
- eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulated water, electrolytes, and acid-base balance of the blood.
male/ female reproductive system
- overall function is production of offspring.
- Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract.
- Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus.
orientation and directional terms
superior - toward the head end or upper part of the structure. Above
inferior - away from the head end or toward the lower pard of a structure of the body. Below
anterior (ventral)- toward or at the front of the body; in front of
posterior (dorsal) - toward of at the back of the body; behind
medial - close to the midline of the body (inside)
lateral - away from the the midline (outside)
intermediate - between a more medial and a more lateral structure
proximal - closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
distal - farther from the origin of a body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
superficial - (external) toward or at the surface of the body
deep - (internal) away from the body surface
sagittal
- a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts
median or midsagittal
a sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline
parasagittal
all other sagittal planes, offset from the midline
