chapter 1 Flashcards
integumentary system
- forms the external body coverings, and protects deeper tissues from injury.
- synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous receptors, sweat, and oil glands
skeletal system
- protects and supports the body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement.
- Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals
muscular system
- allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expressions. Maintains posture, and produces heat
nervous system
- as the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
endocrine system
- glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells
cardiovascular system
- blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.
- the heart pumps blood
lymphatic system/immunity
- picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes), involved in immunity.
- the immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body
respiratory system
- keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. These exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs
digestive system
- breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.
- Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.
urinary system
- eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulated water, electrolytes, and acid-base balance of the blood.
male/ female reproductive system
- overall function is production of offspring.
- Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract.
- Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus.
orientation and directional terms
superior - toward the head end or upper part of the structure. Above
inferior - away from the head end or toward the lower pard of a structure of the body. Below
anterior (ventral)- toward or at the front of the body; in front of
posterior (dorsal) - toward of at the back of the body; behind
medial - close to the midline of the body (inside)
lateral - away from the the midline (outside)
intermediate - between a more medial and a more lateral structure
proximal - closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
distal - farther from the origin of a body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
superficial - (external) toward or at the surface of the body
deep - (internal) away from the body surface
sagittal
- a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts
median or midsagittal
a sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline
parasagittal
all other sagittal planes, offset from the midline
frontal (coronal)
lie vertically, but divide the body into anterior and posterior planes
transverse or horizontal
runs horizontally from right to left, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts
what is a transverse section also called
a cross section
oblique
cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and vertical planes.
dorsal body cavity
protects the fragile nervous system organs, has two subdivisions
the cranial cavity
encases the brains in the skull.
the spinal cavity
also know as vertebral cavity
runs within the body vertebral column and encloses the delicate spinal cord
ventral body cavity
composed of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
- thoracic is surrounded by the ribs and the muscles of the chest.
- abdominopelvic has the diaphragm for breathing
thoracic has the pleural and cardial cavities
pleural - two cavities both enveloping a lung and the medial mediastinum
