lecture 2 study guide

Question 1

define organic compound

Answer 1

• Any compound composed of atoms (some of which are carbon) held together by covalent (shared electrons) bonds.
  - examples are proteins, fats, and carbs
• organic compounds contain carbon and are associated with living organisms

Question 2

what role does carbon play in organic compounds

Answer 2

carbon plays an important role because it is electroneutral, so it shares its electrons with other atoms to form covalent bonds (has no electrical charge)

Question 3

monomer

Answer 3

a molecule that forms the basic unit for polymers, which are the building blocks of proteins

Question 4

polymer

Answer 4

a large, chain-like molecule made up of smaller building blocks called monomers

Question 5

describe dehydration synthesis

Answer 5

• Dehydration synthesis is a process in which a large molecule is synthesized by removing water and covalently bonding smaller molecules together. When a H is taken from one monomer and a HO or OH from another to then release a H2O molecule

Question 6

describe hydrolysis

Answer 6

• Hydrolysis is a process in which monomers are released by the addition of a water molecule, adding OH to one and H to the other. H2O is split up and distributed to the 2 monomers

Question 7

carbohydrates

Answer 7

an organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; includes starches, sugars, and cellulose (“hydrated carbon” in a 2:1 ration). Primarily used as an energy source for cells

Question 8

lipids

Answer 8

a hydrophobic organic compound formed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (fats, oils, and cholesterol)
* Steroids, triglycerides, and phospholipids

Question 9

proteins

Answer 9

compose 10-30% of cell mass and basic structural material in the body. Are built from amino acids. Composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen (sometimes sulfur). Are essential to most physiological processes

Question 10

nucleic acids

Answer 10

Composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorous. The ability to store and process information. Contain DNA and RNA

Question 11

identify the monomer units, general molecular structure, and specific examples in the body of carbs

Answer 11

monomer units - monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose)
general structure - a 1:2: ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen
specific examples - monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

Question 12

identify the monomer units, general molecular structure, and specific examples in the body of lipids

Answer 12

monomer units - glycerol and fatty acids
general molecular structure - a glycerol backbone, two fatty acid tails, a phosphate group
specific examples in the body - fats, oils, waxes, cholesterol; steroids, triglycerides, phospholipids

Question 13

identify the monomer units, general molecular structure, and specific examples in the body of proteins

Answer 13

monomer unit - amino acids
general structure - a central carbon atom, a amino group, a carboxyl group, and a side chain
specific examples - structural, contractile, transport, communication, antibodies, enzymes

Question 14

identify the monomer units, general molecular structure, and specific examples in the body of nucleic acids

Answer 14

monomer unit - nucleotides
general structure - a 5 sugar molecule, a phosphate groups, a nitrogenous base
specific examples - DNA and RNA

Question 15

the general function of carbs

Answer 15

to act as the body’s main fuel source. to provide energy for bodily function

Question 16

the general function of lipids

Answer 16

to help control what goes in and out of cells

Question 17

the general function of proteins

Answer 17

to be the building blocks of life, cell structure, cell function, biochemical reactions, pH regulation, immune system functions

Question 18

the general function of nucleic acids

Answer 18

to store and express genetic information in all cells and viruses

Question 19

structural proteins

Answer 19

define cell shape & provide support for body structures

Question 20

examples of structural proteins

Answer 20

Ex: Keratin is a protein that provides structural support to your hair, fingernails, and the outer layer of your skin

Question 21

contractile proteins

Answer 21

allow movement of cells or molecules within cells

Question 22

example of contractile protein

Answer 22

actin and myosin proteins are essential to the process of muscle contraction

Question 23

transport proteins

Answer 23

carry substances throughout the body; control what goes in and out of the cell

Question 24

example of transport proteins

Answer 24

hemoglobin within red blood cells transport oxygen through the body

Question 25

communication proteins

Answer 25

convey signals between cells

Question 26

example of communication proteins

Answer 26

insulin regulated glucose levels in your blood

Question 27

antibodies

Answer 27

attack pathogens to protect from diseaseex

Question 28

example of antibodies

Answer 28

IgE (immunoglobulin E) protects against parasitic infection and is involved in allergic reactions

Question 29

enzymes

Answer 29

catalyze chemical reactions

Question 30

example of enzymes

Answer 30

lactase is an enzyme that catalyzes the break down of lactose, allowing the digestion of the lactose in milk

Question 31

describe the general structure and function of ATP in the human body

Answer 31

your body uses adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as an important energy source
- is composed of an adenine-containing RNA nucleotide with 2 added phosphate groups