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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > lecture 27 > Flashcards

lecture 27 Flashcards

1
Q

eyebrows function in the body

A
  • is an accessory structure
  • Short coarse hairs that overlie the supraorbital margins of the skull
  • Help shade the eyes from sunlight and prevent perspiration from trickling into the eyes
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2
Q

palpebrae function in the body

A
  • This is also known as the eyelid, and is what protects the eye itself
  • spreads tears and helps to keep the eye wet
  • Protects the eye using its moveable skin fold to allow for blinking.
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3
Q

eyelashes function in the body

A
  • works to protect the free margin of each eyelid
  • Work to protect the eyes, help to reduce tear evaporation, helps to detect temperature (If oil splashes the eyelashes and eyelids will react to close the eye), aesthetics
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4
Q

conjunctiva function in the body

A
  • The thin, protective mucous membrane lining the eyelids and covering the anterior surface of the eye itself.
  • Lubricates the eye, helps protect the eye from outside things, plays a role in immune surveillance, helps to produce tears
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5
Q

the lacrimal glands function in the body

A
  • these glands are found in the eye socket
  • they produce tears to lubricate, cleanse, and protect the eye’s surface
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6
Q

describe the pathway of tears from the lacrimal gland to the nasal cavity

A

Lacrimal gland -> excretory ducts -> lacrimal sacs -> nasolacrimal duct -> nasal cavity

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7
Q

orbicularis oculi

A

closes the eyelids

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8
Q

levator palpebrae superioris

A

to raise and retract the upper eyelid

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9
Q

superior rectus

A

the elevate the eye, or help you look up
- innervated by the oculomotor nerve

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10
Q

inferior rectus

A

works to depress the the eyeball, or move it downward
- innervated by the oculomotor

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11
Q

medial recuts

A

the move the eye inward, or towards the nose
- innervated by the oculomotor nerve

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12
Q

lateral rectus

A

to move the eye outward, or toward the ear
- innervated by the abducens nerve

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13
Q

superior oblique

A

rotates the top of the eye toward the nose
- innervated by the trochlear nerve

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14
Q

inferior oblique

A

rotates the top of the eye away from the nose
- innervated by the oculomotor nerve

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15
Q

ciliary muscles

A

to adjust the shape of the lens of the eye, to allow the eye to focus on things at different places

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16
Q

sphincter pupillae

A

constricts the pupil, contract to constrict, is activated in bright light conditions, innervated by the PNS

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17
Q

dilator pupillae

A

dilates the pupil, contracts to dilate, activated in low light, innervated by the CNS

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18
Q

vision

A

the dominant sense in human
the eye contains about 70% of the body’s sensory receptors

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19
Q

what nerve stimulates the facial glands

A

the facial nerve
- autonomic

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20
Q

the innervations of the extrinsic eye muscles

A
  • > Oculomotor – innervates most of the eye muscles
    the superior, inferior, and medial rectus, inferior oblique
    -> Abducens – innervates the lateral rectal muscles which abducts the eye
    the lateral rectus
    -> Trochlear – innervates the superior oblique muscle
    the superior oblique
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21
Q

fibrous layer of the eye

A

Is the outermost coat of the eyeball and is composed of dense avascular connective tissues.
- is very tough and fibrous

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22
Q

the parts of the fibrous layer of the eye

A

Sclera – the white opaque portion of the fibrous layer of the eyeball which forms the posterior portion and bulk of the layer
Cornea – is the anterior sixth of the layer. Is transparent anterior portion of the layer, and is curved on the front of the eye to bend light.

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23
Q

the vascular layer

A

forms the middle coat of the eyeball, is the pigmented layer
has blood flow

24
Q

the parts of the vascular layer

A

Choroid – the vascular blood vessel rich dark brown membrane portion that forms the posterior five-sixth of the layer
Ciliary body – is a thickened ring of tissues that encircles the lens
Iris – the colored part of the eye which is the most anterior portion

25
Q

the retina

A

the innermost layer

26
Q

the layers of the retina

A

Pigmented layer – primarily absorbs excess light and provides support and nourishment for the neural layer. also helps renew photoreceptors, is the outer layer
Neural layer – responsible for detecting light and converting it into electrical signals to be sent to the brain as visual information

27
Q

Describe the structure of the neural layer of the retina, and the cells that compose it

A

the primary light-processing region of the eye, converting light signals into electrical impulses by utilizing a series of interconnected neurons including photoreceptor cells (rods and cones), horizontal cells, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells

28
Q

what does the pigmented layer of the choroid do

A

it absorbs any extra light so that it does not bounce around within the eye

29
Q

what do the photoreceptors in the retina do

A

they convert light into action potentials

30
Q

rod

A

are our dim-light and peripheral vision receptors. They are why colors disappear, and the edges of objects appear fuzzy in dim light and at the edges of our visual field
- is the no color one

31
Q

cone

A

our vision receptors for bright light and provide high-resolution color vision
- is the one that sees color

32
Q

retinal bipolar cells

A

to relay visual information from the light-sensitive cells to the neurons that will then send signals to the brain for activation of visual perception

33
Q

retinal ganglion cells

A

the primary communication channel between the retina and the brain which works to collect and transmit information from the eye to the CNS through what forms the optic nerve

34
Q

the significance of the fovea centralis and optic disc

A

They work together to be crucial for clear vision and providing the area of the highest visual acuity possible and the exit point for visual information from the eye to the rest of the body.

35
Q

why does the “blind spot” exist at the optic disc

A

This is because there are not any photoreceptor cells present so the are creates no visual signal

36
Q

Differentiate between central and peripheral vision in terms of structure and function

A

Central vision refers to the sharp, detailed vision directly in front of you, primarily processed by the fovea in the retina, while peripheral vision encompasses the wider field of view seen at the edges of your sight, with less detail and primarily used for detecting movement and orientation, due to a different distribution of photoreceptor cells in the retina

37
Q

structure and function of the lens

A

a transparent, biconvex structure located behind the iris, whose primary function is to focus light rays onto the retina by changing its shape to accommodate different distances, allowing clear vision for both near and far objects

38
Q

the process of lens accommodation and how it changes with age

A

Lens accommodation is the process by which the lens changes shape to focus on different things and things at different distances and locations from you.
* As we age the lens will start to lose its flexibility which can make is more difficult to focus on close objects.

39
Q

aqueous versus vitreous humor

A

Aqueous humor – the clear liquid inside the front part of the eye
Vitreous humor – is the gel-like fluid that fills the middle eye and makes up around 80% of its volume

40
Q

phototransduction

A

Phototransduction – the process by which light energy is converted into a graded receptor potential. It typically begins when a visual pigment captures a photon of light
* The light energy is converted to electrical signals which transform into a neural signal that the brain interprets as vision, which can trigger a cascade of chemical reactions that can change the cell’s membrane potential.

41
Q

what retinal structure produces graded potentials

A

photoreceptors and bipolar cells

42
Q

what retinal structure produces action potentials

A

ganglion cells

43
Q

what is color blindness

A

a condition where it is difficult for the person to see colors in the same way as others

44
Q

what is the most common cause of color blindness

A

genetics

45
Q

most common type of color blindness

A

red-green color blindness

46
Q

Identify which fibers cross over at the optic chiasma

A

the nasal retinal fibers from each eye cross over to the contralateral optic tract, meaning the fibers from the medial (nasal) half of the retina cross over to the opposite side of the brain, while the temporal retinal fibers remain ipsilateral

47
Q

the roles of the thalamus and the midbrain in visual processing

A

the thalamus acts as the primary relay station, receiving visual information from the retina and sending it to the visual cortex via the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)
the midbrain, specifically the superior colliculus, is involved in controlling eye movements and directing visual attention towards stimuli by translating sensory signals into motor command

48
Q

the physiology behind how various kinds of optical illusions work

A

Optical illusions occur when the brain misinterprets visual signals sent by the eyes, often due to the brain’s attempts to make sense of ambiguous or conflicting information by filling in gaps and relying on assumptions about the world, leading to perceptions that don’t match reality

49
Q

Optical illusions

A

Stroop test: we process slower when the word an color do not match
- almost always want to say the word instead of the color
Depth perception: always perceive that the farther away the object is the bigger it is or the bigger it looks even though they are they same size
Color of the dress: different color are seen because of lights and shadows
Dolphins/2 bodies in a jar: our perception is often influenced by experience
Circles moving in a static image: our eyes are able to process brighter color first than darker color which makes the illusion
Visual distortion: we are not used to the quick changes in faces which makes it so that we are seeing almost a cartoonish version of the faces

50
Q

what is the central retina

A
  • is mostly made up of cones
  • each cone in the fovea has its own bipolar cells and has a high level of resolution
51
Q

what is the peripheral retina

A
  • mostly made up of rods
  • 100 rods can go to 1 ganglion cell, and makes vision fuzzy and less direct
52
Q

peripheral drift illusion

A

looking at a bunch of circles, and everything in your peripheral looks like it is moving
- however, if you look around you will notice that there is actually no movement

53
Q

Trace the path of light as it passes through the eye structures

A

Goes to the cornea first and travels through it to the aqueous humor. Once it goes through the lens it hits and goes through the vitreous humor. Once through the vitreous humor it hits the neural layer of the retina where it can help activate the photoreceptors.

54
Q

ganglion axon cells bundle together to form what nerve

A

the optic nerve

55
Q

what are the different colors of cones in the body

A

red, blue, and green

56
Q

describe the pathway in which visual information travels, from the optic nerve to the visual cortex and midbrain

A

first it goes through the optic nerve, which then leads to the optic chiasma, this then leads to the optic tract which carries the information through to the lateral geniculate nucleus, and last it goes to the primary visual cortex and the midbrain

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (35 decks)

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