lecture 1 study guide

Question 1

anatomy

Answer 1

the study of the structure of living organisms

Question 2

physiology

Answer 2

the study of the function of living organisms

Question 3

integumentary system

Answer 3

protects underlying tissues, provides skin sensation, helps regulate body temperature, synthesizes vitamin D

Question 4

skeletal system

Answer 4

attachment for muscles, protects organs, stores calcium and phosphorous, produces blood cells

Question 5

muscular system

Answer 5

moves body and maintains posture, internal transport of fluids, generation of heat

Question 6

nervous system

Answer 6

Regulates the bodies functions via neurons

Question 7

endocrine system

Answer 7

regulates and integrates body functions via hormones

Question 8

cardiovascular system

Answer 8

transports nutrients, respiratory gases, wastes, and heat, transports immune cells and antibodies, transports hormones, regulates pH

Question 9

lymphatic system

Answer 9

returns tissue fluids to bloodstream, protects against infection and disease

Question 10

respiratory system

Answer 10

exchanges respiratory gases with the environment

Question 11

digestive system

Answer 11

physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorbs, processes, stores food

Question 12

urinary system

Answer 12

maintains constant internal environment through the excretion of nitrogenous waste

Question 13

reproductive system

Answer 13

produces and secretes hormones, produces and releases egg and sperm cells, houses embryo/fetus (females only), produces milk to nourish offspring (females only).

Question 14

homeostasis

Answer 14

the body’s ability to maintain a relatively constant internal environment (“dynamic equilibrium”)

Question 15

identify the kinds of mechanisms the body uses to maintain homeostasis

Answer 15

• The body uses thermoregulation, blood pressure, sensors (something that senses changes in the bodies temp, pH, or oxygen levels), controllers (control a message form the sensors about the fluctuations in the body processes), even including osmoregulation and chemical regulation.
• Stimulus: receives and produces the change in the variables.
• Receptor: the receptor detects any kind of change that occurs in the body
• Control center: the control center is where the information is sent from the receptor through the afferent pathway to the center, then is where information leaves to go to the effector through the efferent pathway.
• Effector: the effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns the variable to homeostatic levels.

Question 16

stimulus
receptor
control center
effector

Answer 16

• Stimulus: receives and produces the change in the variables.
• Receptor: the receptor detects any kind of change that occurs in the body
• Control center: the control center is where the information is sent from the receptor through the afferent pathway to the center, then is where information leaves to go to the effector through the efferent pathway.
• Effector: the effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns the variable to homeostatic levels.

Question 17

identify the components of the negative feedback loop

Answer 17

• Negative feedback loop -> the most common homeostatic control mechanism. The net effect is that the output of the system shuts off the original stimulus or reduces the intensity.

Question 18

identify the components of a positive feedback loop

Answer 18

• Positive feedback loop -> feedback that tends to cause the level of a variable to change in the same direction as an initial change.

Question 19

example of how the negative feedback loop interacts as the body responds to deviations from the normal values

Answer 19

• Example of negative -> Home heating system turns on when it’s too cold, then off when it is just right. Another example: blood sugar rises then insulin intake increases, when it levels out the insulin release ends

Question 20

example of how the positive feedback loop interacts as the body responds to deviations from the normal values

Answer 20

• Example of positive -> change is created to move in the same direction as initial changes. Typically sets off linked sequences of events. Promotes moment to moment well-being. May have only local effects.
  Giving birth
  A fever not going down or away

Question 21

afferent

Answer 21

entering

Question 22

efferent

Answer 22

exiting

Question 23

which is more common, negative or positive feedback?

Answer 23

the positive feedback mechanism is much less common

Question 24

describe a person in anatomical position

Answer 24

• standing upright, facing forward, with their feet together or slightly apart, and their upper limbs at their sides with their palms facing forward. The thumbs point away from the body, and the head and eyes are directed straight ahead. The arms are usually placed slightly apart from the body so that the hands do not touch the sides.

Question 25

what do we mean when we say “left” or “right”?

Answer 25

we reference left and right from the patients point of perspective

Question 26

superior vs. inferior

Answer 26

superior above/toward the head
inferior below/away from the head

Question 27

anterior vs. posterior

Answer 27

anterior - toward the front
posterior - toward the back

Question 28

medial vs. lateral

Answer 28

medial - medial toward the midline
lateral - lateral away from the midline

Question 29

proximal vs. distal

Answer 29

proximal - means closer to the point of attachment to the body
distal - farther away from the point of attachment to the body

Question 30

superficial vs. deep/internal

Answer 30

superficial - toward the body surface
deep - away from the body surface

Question 31

sagittal

Answer 31

divides the body into left and right

Question 32

midsagittal/median

Answer 32

directly down the middle

Question 33

frontal/coronal

Answer 33

divides the body into anterior and posterior sections (front and back)

Question 34

transverse/horizontal

Answer 34

divides the body into superior and inferior sections (top and bottom)

Question 35

how does the negative feedback mechanism interact as the body responds to deviations from the normal values

Answer 35

works by creating a response that opposes the original deviation from the normal values. Reverses a deviation from its set point.

Question 36

how does the positive feedback mechanism interact as the body responds to deviations from the normal values

Answer 36

the system moves farther away from the normal range. Designed to push levels out of the normal ranges. A deviation from normal range occurs and results in more change, so the system moves farther away from the normal range.