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Anatomy and Physiology > lecture 10 > Flashcards

lecture 10 Flashcards

1
Q

hyoid body and the function

A

the middle main section
- supports the mouth and throat muscles, helps maintain head posture, maintains airways. Helps with; breathing, swallowing, speech, mastication.

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2
Q

hyoid greater horn versus lesser horn

A

greater - the outer large horns
lesser - the inner smaller horns
- both sets of horns are attachment points for muscles and ligaments in the neck

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3
Q

 Distinguish between an isolated cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebra

A

o Cervical vertebrae are in the neck, thoracic vertebrae are in the chest, and lumbar vertebrae are in the lower back

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4
Q

scoliosis

A

lateral curvature of the spine

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5
Q

kyphosis

A

exaggerated thoracic curvature (the upper back region, ‘hunchback’)

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6
Q

lordosis

A

exaggerated lumbar curvature (the lower spine, when it curves more anterior than normal ‘arches too far forward’) is common during pregnancy, causes temporary lordosis.

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7
Q

the anatomy and function of the intervertebral disks

A

o The intervertebral disks are between each spinal column piece and are pads of fibrocartilage and collagen.
 The disks help to withstand force, absorb shock, provide cushions, and help the spine to be flexible.

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8
Q

body of typical vertebral markings

A

o The middle main portion, which is almost oval or circular portion.

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9
Q

the spinous process of typical vertebral structure

A

o The long point projection on the posterior side. Provides a spot for muscles and ligament to attach
- provides for attachment for muscles and ligaments of the spine

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10
Q

the transverse process of typical vertebral structure

A

o 2 on each. These point laterally out to the sides. Provide attachment for muscles and ligaments
- provides support and movement by attaching to muscles and ligaments, acts as a lever for spinal muscles, protects the spinal nerves, and attaches to muscles

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11
Q

the lamina

A

o These are bars of bone that connect the spinous process to the transverse process on both sides.
- connects the spinous process and the transverse process, protects the spinal cord and provides structural support

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12
Q

pedicle

A

connects the body to the transverse process
- acts as a bony bridge connecting the vertebral body to the rest of the column

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13
Q

vertebral/spinal foramen

A

o The opening near the center of the bone. The spinal cord runs through this.
- is a passageway for spinal cords and meninges, nerve root exit, communication between vertebral column and structures, blood supply and nerve access

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14
Q

superior articular process and facet

A

o Topside (from the lateral view) projection of bone that performs an articulation (connection) with the vertebra before it
- creates a joint with the adjacent vertebrae, allows limited range of motion, provides stability

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15
Q

inferior articular process and facet

A

o Bottom (superior) projection of bone that makes the connection to the vertebra below it
- creates a joint adjacent with the vertebrae, allows for limited range of motion, provides stability

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16
Q

atlas lateral mass

A

o Lateral masses (the atlas has no body)
o The masses on the middle of the bone that have two sections. The prominent bone section on each bone
- support the skull’s weight and enables head movement

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17
Q

atlas anterior arch

A

o Anterior arch
o The arch on the anterior side is part of the ring encircling the spinal cord. Takes up about 1/5 of the ring
- Encircle the spinal cord and connect to the odontoid process, facilitates head rotation, and articulates with the axis

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18
Q

atlas posterior arch

A

o Posterior arch
o A curved part of the atlas, on the posterior side. It makes up 2/5ths of the ring’s circumference.
- Encircle the spinal cord and connect to the odontoid process

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19
Q

transverse foramen of the atlas

A

o Is a hole in the transverse process of the atlas bone that allows vertebra to artery and vein to pass through.
- allow for passage or nerves, is only in the cervical, protects blood vessels from damage or compression

20
Q

dens of the axis

A

o A projection at the top. (when you shake your head, the atlas wraps around the dens)

21
Q

transverse foramen of the axis

A

o A small opening in the transverse process that allows the vertebral artery and vein to pass through

22
Q

transverse foramen of the cervical vertebra

A

o A small hole on both sides of the body of the vertebrae distinguishes this bone as being the cervical section. No other vertebrae have these holes in them

23
Q

body of the sacrum

A

o Round area, made up of fused vertebrae. Typically has 5 segments that all fuse together
- supports, stabilizes, movement, flexibility.

24
Q

sacral canal

A

a canal down the middle of the sacrum where the spinal cord goes
- protects and houses a bundle of spinal nerves

25
Q

ala of the sacrum

A

located on either side of the body, is a wing
- connects the axial and appendicular skeletons, provides stability and strength, forms the pelvic brim, attaches ligaments, completes the pelvic girdle

26
Q

auricular surface of the sacrum

A

o An ear shaped articulation or projection on the side of the sacrum. This attached to the hip bone
- the articulation point with the ilium bone, and forms the sacroiliac joint

27
Q

median sacral crest of the sacrum

A

o Is located on the posterior side, is a projection of the bone. The remnants of the spinous processes fused together to form the sacrum.
- is a bony attachment for ligaments and muscles

28
Q

apex of the sacrum

A

the inferior part
- the potion for articulation with the coccyx, provides a stable attachment for the pelvic floor muscles and ligaments

29
Q

transverse lines of the sacrum

A

o Ridges of bone that go across the sacrum. Are what shows where the 5 vertebrae fused together
- marks the sites where the sacral vertebrae are fused together

30
Q

sacral foramina

A

o The four holes running through the sacrum on each side. Allows for passage of nerves through them

31
Q

coccyx

A

Has between three-five individual pieces of bone that eventually fuse together around 25-30 years of age.

32
Q

true versus false versus floating ribs

A
  • True are the ribs that connect to the costal cartilage that goes directly to the sternum (1-7)
  • False ribs are ones that attach to cartilage that does not go directly to the sternum (8-10)
  • Floating ribs are ribs that are not connected to anything, and are floating on place (11-12)
33
Q

the head of the rib

A

the end of the rib
- articulates with the vertebrae, limits movement, enables breathing

34
Q

the neck of the rib

A

where the head narrows out going toward the body
- attaches the internal intercostal membrane and the ligament.

35
Q

tubercle of the rib

A

articulates with the transverse processes
- articulates with the transverse costal facet of the vertebra that matches the ribs number

36
Q

costal angle

A

where the bone starts to curve around
- where the rib sharply bends, and allows for expansion and extraction while breathing

37
Q

costal groove of the rib

A

o A shallow depression that runs along the bottom of the rib shaft, and contains the intercostal vein, artery, and nerve.
- is a pathway for the intercostal nerve, artery, and vein

38
Q

sternal end of the rib

A

o The end articulating with the cartilage that goes to the sternum
- protects organs, supports, attaches to sternum

39
Q

costal cartilage

A

o The cartilage that connects the ends of the ribs to the sternum
- provides flexibility

40
Q

manubrium

A

looks like the shape of the knot on a tie. is the superior portion
- point of attachment for clavicle, and the first rib cartilage, contributes to the stability for the thoracic cage

41
Q

jugular notch of the manubrium

A

 A large indentation in the sternum that is visible between the clavicles and is above the manubrium. The superior part of the manubrium
- attachment point for the interclavicular ligament

42
Q

clavicular notch of the sternum

A

 An oval-shaped indentation on the sternum that connects the upper limb to the axial skeleton. The clavicle attaches to this.
- forms the sternoclavicular joints, which connects the upper limb to the axial skeleton.

43
Q

the body of the sternum

A

o The longest, flattest part of the sternum. Is in the middle between the manubrium and the xiphoid process.
- protects the inside body, supports the other bones and muscles, allows movement, attachment for the diaphragm muscles

44
Q

the xiphoid process of the sternum

A

o The most inferior part. Is cartilage for most of life but will eventually ossify. Can serve as a point for muscular attachment.
- protects organs, provides a muscle attachment to help with respiration and stabilization of the trunk, is the landmark for CPR placement

45
Q

superior costal facet of thoracic vertebra

A

smooth articular areas on the vertebral body of the fourth thoracic vertebra
- the articulation point where the head of the rib connects to the vertebrae, helps with breathing and a stable connection between the rib and spine

46
Q

inferior costal facet of the thoracic vertebra

A

is a site where a rib forms a joint with the inferior aspect of the body of a thoracic vertebra
- forms a joint with the rib, allows for movement in the thoracic spine; including rotation, side flexion, flexion, and extension

47
Q

transverse costal facet of the thoracic vertebrae

A

a site where a rib forms a joint with the transverse process of a thoracic vertebra.
- articulation point with the tubercle of the corresponding rib, allows limited movement and stability

Anatomy and Physiology (32 decks)

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