lecture 10

Question 1

hyoid body and the function

Answer 1

the middle main section
- supports the mouth and throat muscles, helps maintain head posture, maintains airways. Helps with; breathing, swallowing, speech, mastication.

Question 2

hyoid greater horn versus lesser horn

Answer 2

greater - the outer large horns
lesser - the inner smaller horns
- both sets of horns are attachment points for muscles and ligaments in the neck

Question 3

 Distinguish between an isolated cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebra

Answer 3

o Cervical vertebrae are in the neck, thoracic vertebrae are in the chest, and lumbar vertebrae are in the lower back

Question 4

scoliosis

Answer 4

lateral curvature of the spine

Question 5

kyphosis

Answer 5

exaggerated thoracic curvature (the upper back region, ‘hunchback’)

Question 6

lordosis

Answer 6

exaggerated lumbar curvature (the lower spine, when it curves more anterior than normal ‘arches too far forward’) is common during pregnancy, causes temporary lordosis.

Question 7

the anatomy and function of the intervertebral disks

Answer 7

o The intervertebral disks are between each spinal column piece and are pads of fibrocartilage and collagen.
 The disks help to withstand force, absorb shock, provide cushions, and help the spine to be flexible.

Question 8

body of typical vertebral markings

Answer 8

o The middle main portion, which is almost oval or circular portion.

Question 9

the spinous process of typical vertebral structure

Answer 9

o The long point projection on the posterior side. Provides a spot for muscles and ligament to attach
- provides for attachment for muscles and ligaments of the spine

Question 10

the transverse process of typical vertebral structure

Answer 10

o 2 on each. These point laterally out to the sides. Provide attachment for muscles and ligaments
- provides support and movement by attaching to muscles and ligaments, acts as a lever for spinal muscles, protects the spinal nerves, and attaches to muscles

Question 11

the lamina

Answer 11

o These are bars of bone that connect the spinous process to the transverse process on both sides.
- connects the spinous process and the transverse process, protects the spinal cord and provides structural support

Question 12

pedicle

Answer 12

connects the body to the transverse process
- acts as a bony bridge connecting the vertebral body to the rest of the column

Question 13

vertebral/spinal foramen

Answer 13

o The opening near the center of the bone. The spinal cord runs through this.
- is a passageway for spinal cords and meninges, nerve root exit, communication between vertebral column and structures, blood supply and nerve access

Question 14

superior articular process and facet

Answer 14

o Topside (from the lateral view) projection of bone that performs an articulation (connection) with the vertebra before it
- creates a joint with the adjacent vertebrae, allows limited range of motion, provides stability

Question 15

inferior articular process and facet

Answer 15

o Bottom (superior) projection of bone that makes the connection to the vertebra below it
- creates a joint adjacent with the vertebrae, allows for limited range of motion, provides stability

Question 16

atlas lateral mass

Answer 16

o Lateral masses (the atlas has no body)
o The masses on the middle of the bone that have two sections. The prominent bone section on each bone
- support the skull’s weight and enables head movement

Question 17

atlas anterior arch

Answer 17

o Anterior arch
o The arch on the anterior side is part of the ring encircling the spinal cord. Takes up about 1/5 of the ring
- Encircle the spinal cord and connect to the odontoid process, facilitates head rotation, and articulates with the axis

Question 18

atlas posterior arch

Answer 18

o Posterior arch
o A curved part of the atlas, on the posterior side. It makes up 2/5ths of the ring’s circumference.
- Encircle the spinal cord and connect to the odontoid process

Question 19

transverse foramen of the atlas

Answer 19

o Is a hole in the transverse process of the atlas bone that allows vertebra to artery and vein to pass through.
- allow for passage or nerves, is only in the cervical, protects blood vessels from damage or compression

Question 20

dens of the axis

Answer 20

o A projection at the top. (when you shake your head, the atlas wraps around the dens)

Question 21

transverse foramen of the axis

Answer 21

o A small opening in the transverse process that allows the vertebral artery and vein to pass through

Question 22

transverse foramen of the cervical vertebra

Answer 22

o A small hole on both sides of the body of the vertebrae distinguishes this bone as being the cervical section. No other vertebrae have these holes in them

Question 23

body of the sacrum

Answer 23

o Round area, made up of fused vertebrae. Typically has 5 segments that all fuse together
- supports, stabilizes, movement, flexibility.

Question 24

sacral canal

Answer 24

a canal down the middle of the sacrum where the spinal cord goes
- protects and houses a bundle of spinal nerves

Question 25

ala of the sacrum

Answer 25

located on either side of the body, is a wing - connects the axial and appendicular skeletons, provides stability and strength, forms the pelvic brim, attaches ligaments, completes the pelvic girdle

Question 26

auricular surface of the sacrum

Answer 26

o An ear shaped articulation or projection on the side of the sacrum. This attached to the hip bone - the articulation point with the ilium bone, and forms the sacroiliac joint

Question 27

median sacral crest of the sacrum

Answer 27

o Is located on the posterior side, is a projection of the bone. The remnants of the spinous processes fused together to form the sacrum. - is a bony attachment for ligaments and muscles

Question 28

apex of the sacrum

Answer 28

the inferior part - the potion for articulation with the coccyx, provides a stable attachment for the pelvic floor muscles and ligaments

Question 29

transverse lines of the sacrum

Answer 29

o Ridges of bone that go across the sacrum. Are what shows where the 5 vertebrae fused together - marks the sites where the sacral vertebrae are fused together

Question 30

sacral foramina

Answer 30

o The four holes running through the sacrum on each side. Allows for passage of nerves through them

Question 31

coccyx

Answer 31

Has between three-five individual pieces of bone that eventually fuse together around 25-30 years of age.

Question 32

true versus false versus floating ribs

Answer 32

- True are the ribs that connect to the costal cartilage that goes directly to the sternum (1-7) - False ribs are ones that attach to cartilage that does not go directly to the sternum (8-10) - Floating ribs are ribs that are not connected to anything, and are floating on place (11-12)

Question 33

the head of the rib

Answer 33

the end of the rib - articulates with the vertebrae, limits movement, enables breathing

Question 34

the neck of the rib

Answer 34

where the head narrows out going toward the body - attaches the internal intercostal membrane and the ligament.

Question 35

tubercle of the rib

Answer 35

articulates with the transverse processes - articulates with the transverse costal facet of the vertebra that matches the ribs number

Question 36

costal angle

Answer 36

where the bone starts to curve around - where the rib sharply bends, and allows for expansion and extraction while breathing

Question 37

costal groove of the rib

Answer 37

o A shallow depression that runs along the bottom of the rib shaft, and contains the intercostal vein, artery, and nerve. - is a pathway for the intercostal nerve, artery, and vein

Question 38

sternal end of the rib

Answer 38

o The end articulating with the cartilage that goes to the sternum - protects organs, supports, attaches to sternum

Question 39

costal cartilage

Answer 39

o The cartilage that connects the ends of the ribs to the sternum - provides flexibility

Question 40

manubrium

Answer 40

looks like the shape of the knot on a tie. is the superior portion - point of attachment for clavicle, and the first rib cartilage, contributes to the stability for the thoracic cage

Question 41

jugular notch of the manubrium

Answer 41

 A large indentation in the sternum that is visible between the clavicles and is above the manubrium. The superior part of the manubrium - attachment point for the interclavicular ligament

Question 42

clavicular notch of the sternum

Answer 42

 An oval-shaped indentation on the sternum that connects the upper limb to the axial skeleton. The clavicle attaches to this. - forms the sternoclavicular joints, which connects the upper limb to the axial skeleton.

Question 43

the body of the sternum

Answer 43

o The longest, flattest part of the sternum. Is in the middle between the manubrium and the xiphoid process. - protects the inside body, supports the other bones and muscles, allows movement, attachment for the diaphragm muscles

Question 44

the xiphoid process of the sternum

Answer 44

o The most inferior part. Is cartilage for most of life but will eventually ossify. Can serve as a point for muscular attachment. - protects organs, provides a muscle attachment to help with respiration and stabilization of the trunk, is the landmark for CPR placement

Question 45

superior costal facet of thoracic vertebra

Answer 45

smooth articular areas on the vertebral body of the fourth thoracic vertebra - the articulation point where the head of the rib connects to the vertebrae, helps with breathing and a stable connection between the rib and spine

Question 46

inferior costal facet of the thoracic vertebra

Answer 46

is a site where a rib forms a joint with the inferior aspect of the body of a thoracic vertebra - forms a joint with the rib, allows for movement in the thoracic spine; including rotation, side flexion, flexion, and extension

Question 47

transverse costal facet of the thoracic vertebrae

Answer 47

a site where a rib forms a joint with the transverse process of a thoracic vertebra. - articulation point with the tubercle of the corresponding rib, allows limited movement and stability