final exam Flashcards
the kinds of mechanisms the body uses to maintain homeostasis
thermoregulation, blood pressure, sensors (something that sense a change), controllers (controls a message from the sensor), osmoregulation and chemical regulation
the skeletal system in maintaining homeostasis
Calcitonin – weakly inhibits osteoclast activity, if there is too much calcium it triggers the thyroid gland to increase the release of calcitonin to stop the osteoclasts
Parathyroid hormone – is stimulates osteoclast activity
- acting as a mineral reservoir, primarily for calcium, storing it within bones and releasing it into the bloodstream when levels drop too low, thus regulating blood calcium levels
integumentary system in maintaining homeostasis
- regulating body temperature through sweating and adjusting blood vessel dilation, protecting the body from external elements, preventing excessive water loss, and providing sensory information to the nervous system to respond to environmental changes
muscular system in maintaining homeostasis
maintaining temperature, lymphatic flow, proper breathing, proper digestion and blood flow, good blood circulation and blood pressure, proper posture and balance.
nervous system maintaining homeostasis
detecting changes in the body’s internal environment through sensory receptors, then sending signals to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) which processes the information and initiates appropriate responses via motor neurons, ultimately adjusting bodily functions like heart rate, breathing, sweating, and blood pressure to restore balance and optimal conditions
all together the body systems do what for homeostasis
they constantly monitor internal conditions, detect changes, and send signals all around the body to adjust the various body functions through the feedback loops
- Nervous and endocrine are the primary control centers
afferent
entering
efferent
exiting
positive feedback
feedback loop that is less common, tends to cause the level of the variable to change in the same direction as an initial change
Giving birth, or having a fever not going down or away
negative feedback
is the most common homeostatic control mechanism. The net effect is that the output of the system shuts off the original stimulus of reduces the intensity
Negative would be like when a home heating system turns on when it is too cold, and off when it is too hot
Describe the movement of ions in and out of the presynaptic and postsynaptic cell when an action potential is generated
- Action potential arrives at the presynaptic terminal
- Neurotransmitter releases into the synaptic cleft
- The neurotransmitter binds to the postsynaptic receptors
- Ion movement into the postsynaptic cell
- Termination of the signal
- Return to resting potential
describe how the nervous and muscular systems communicate at the neuromuscular junction
- First the action potential will reach the motor neurons axon terminal which will lead to the opening of voltage gated calcium channels in the axon terminal
- Next this neurotransmitter will release acetylcholine, and Ach will then bind to the postsynaptic receptors
- Next the sodium channels will open causing depolarization, and there will be a propagation of action potentials in the muscle fiber
- Next calcium will be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
- Then muscle contraction will occur, which will lead to the breakdown of acetylcholine and the termination of the signal that started.
- Last there will be a relaxation of the muscle
Describe in at least 4 sentences, the most interesting and/pr useful piece of information that you learned in this class. How does this concept relate to your life outside of this class
One of the most interesting things that we learned about for me is how the central nervous system of CNS works for the body. It is interesting to me that this system works to help communicate all things with the body while also working in coordination with other systems. In the end, I have always found it fascinating that the body has so many parts and that we only function with them all working together. This made it great to learn about all these things.
The most useful thing was getting to start to learn how the brain works, and communicates with the rest of the body. This among other things is very important to my life as a current and future healthcare professional working to help others, and potentially help to save lives.
