lecture 22

Question 1

cerebrum

Answer 1

 The largest, and higher piece; in charge of mental and higher order functions. Is divided into the right and left hemispheres by the longitudinal fissure.
 Each hemisphere primarily receives sensory information from and directs movements from or of the opposite side of the body. If you touch something on your left side the signal goes to the right side.

Question 2

diencephalon

Answer 2

 Is almost balloon shaped, where the hormones and emotions are

Question 3

cerebellum

Answer 3

 Is located under the occipital bone

Question 4

brain stem

Answer 4

 Is what is connecting the brain to the spinal cord later on.

Question 5

define the neural tube and what is becomes

Answer 5

o This is a narrow channel that forms during pregnancy and eventually develops into the brain and spinal cord. Eventually, if starts to balloon out and then will eventually develop into the different parts of the brain.

Question 6

what is the corpus collosum and its function

Answer 6

 This is what connects the left and right hemispheres together and helps them to communicate with each other. Is a thick bundle of nerve fibers.

Question 7

what happens if the corpus collosum were to be severed?

Answer 7

 If you were to split it, the two hemispheres of the brain would no longer be able to communicate with each other.
* Has been done before with severe epilepsy to determine where exactly it is coming from. Reduced the amount and strength of the seizures.

Question 8

what is the left hemisphere of the brain primarily responsible for

Answer 8

producing language

Question 9

define contralateral

Answer 9

having to do with the opposite side of the body

Question 10

the main function of the brain ventricles

Answer 10

o The primary function of the brain ventricles is to serve as a cavity in the brain and to produce, circulate, and absorb cerebrospinal fluid.

Question 11

the components of the brain ventricles

Question 12

longitudinal fissure

Answer 12

 It runs down the middle of the brain, and separates the two cerebral hemispheres

Question 13

Transverse cerebral fissure

Answer 13

 Is between the corpus callosum and the fornix, is above the thalamus and the roof of the third ventricle.

Question 14

Central sulcus

Answer 14

 Is a prominent groove on the lateral surface of the hemisphere, and is between the frontal and parietal lobes

Question 15

Lateral sulcus

Answer 15

 Is located on the surface of the cerebral cortex, and is what separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe

Question 16

o Parieto-occipital sulcus

Answer 16

 Is a deep groove on the medial surface of the brain that separates the parietal and occipital lobes.

Question 17

o Broca’s area

Answer 17

 Usually localized to the left frontal lobe and is typically a legion on the brain. This demonstrates that the function of language production could be localized to one part of the brain.
* The person can understand language but cannot effectively produce the language.

Question 18

Wernicke’s area

Answer 18

 A language disorder in which the patient has difficulty understanding the spoken language.
 Is typically localized to the left temporal lobe. Is associated with language comprehension

Question 19

Primary motor cortex

Answer 19

 Direct voluntary control of the skeletal muscle (walking)
 If you damage this, depending on where is damaged can make that part of the body paralyzed.

Question 20

Primary somatosensory cortex

Answer 20

 Receives sensory information and is on the anterior of the parietal lobe

Question 21

Premotor cortex

Answer 21

 In charge of coordination of complex, learned movements. A lot easier to do these things at a younger age
 Is what oversees rewiring the brain for things that are like muscle memory movements

Question 22

Somatosensory association cortex

Answer 22

 Integrates sensory input, with damage to this you would be able to feel a sensation but not identify what it is.
* This is what allows you to identify thing just by touching them

Question 23

Primary visual cortex

Answer 23

 Receives visual information, damage to this region of the brain will leave you functionally blind without vision.
* Is on the very posterior portion of the occipital lobe

Question 24

Visual association area

Answer 24

 Interprets visual stimuli, allows you to interpret and understand the signals that allow us to see. This is what takes the sense of what we are seeing and tells our body what that is. If this is damage you won’t be able to connect and understand what you are seeing.
* Directly anterior to the primary visual cortex.

Question 25

Primary auditory cortex

Answer 25

 Sense of hearing, what we hear, where it is, and how loud it is, etc. Is located just deep to the ear on the temporal lobe
 Damage to this causes deafness.

Question 26

Auditory association area

Answer 26

 Allows the body to interpret and understand auditory stimuli. Damage to this will still allow us to hear but can make it hard to interpret and understand it. Make it so that some may not be able to know who it is based on the sound of their voice.
* Wernicke’s area is part of this

Question 27

Primary olfactory cortex

Answer 27

 Smell and interpretation of odors.is on the medial side of the temporal lobe. (Have to slice the brain open to find it, looks like a seashell)
 Is a primitive sense and is not as complex. Is really closely associated with the portion of the brain that is associated with making memories.

Question 28

Gustatory cortex

Answer 28

 Perceives the taste stimuli. Is located deeper within the insula. Very closely integrated with the sense of smell.

Question 29

Anterior association area

Answer 29

 On the anterior portion of the frontal lobe (prefrontal cortex)
* Responsible for complex learning, intellect, judgement, reasoning, and personality.

Question 30

Phineas Gage

Answer 30

o Phineas Gage, this cortex was almost completely destroyed which completely changed his personality. This is because this section of the brain helps to make up who you are as a person.

Question 31

Posterior association area

Answer 31

 On the posterior of the frontal lobe. The temporal lobe
* Is responsible for recognizing face and patterns, and for combining sensory inputs into a coherent whole piece

Question 32

L.H.

Answer 32

o L.H -> had a severe accident and severe damage to the right temporal lobe and lost the ability to recognize faces.
o Helps us to recognize patterns, and this happens to face partly because of how hardwired our bodies are to seeing faces.

Question 33

Limbic association area

Answer 33

 Not covered right now
 Helps to regulate functions like; emotion, memory, and fear

Question 34

certain regions of the brain are important for

Answer 34

being primary to certain behaviors or tendencies

Question 35

complex things take what?

Answer 35

Complex things like the human language take many areas of the cerebrum to be active in the process for it to work effectively.

Question 36

When someone burns their hand but doesn’t feel it what is effected?

Answer 36

Most likely damage to the somatosensory association cortex of the parietal lobe

Question 37

occipital

Answer 37

vision

Question 38

temporal

Answer 38

language comprehension, memory formation, processing auditory info

Question 39

frontal

Answer 39

executive function, emotional and behavioral control, speech, personality, social understanding

Question 40

parietal

Answer 40

processing sensory info, spatial processing, learned movement, visual perception, interpreting symbols, ideomotor praxis, special orientation