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Bree - Structures > Lecture 36: Endocrine > Flashcards

Lecture 36: Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

difference in formation of endocrine vs exocrine glands

A

both invaginate into the connective tissue but exocrine remains in a duct that secretes into the lumen, endocrine is separated and duct cells dissapear

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2
Q

two types of endocrine cells

A

cord/cluster and follicle (these are both surrounded by capillaries)

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3
Q

hormones

A

chemical substances synthesized by endocrine cells and secreted

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4
Q

where do hormones get secreted

A

into bloodstream(distant target cells), into tissue space (adjacent or nearby target cells), onto own cell surface (own target cells)

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5
Q

three signaling mechanisms

A
  1. endocrine
  2. paracrine
  3. autocrine
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6
Q

endocrine signaling

A

secreted into the blood

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7
Q

paracrine signaling

A

secreted into extracellular space (eg somatostatin inhibits insulin secretion in islets of langerhan)

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8
Q

autocrine secretion

A

secreted on own cell surface (eg insulin, TGF beta)

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9
Q

what are the three types of hormones chemically speaking

A
  1. peptides and glycoproteins (pit hormones, parathyroid, islets of langerhan and GI tract)
  2. steroids (hormones of adrenal cortex, ovary and testis)
  3. amino acids (tyrosine) eg hormones of thyroid and adrenal medulla
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10
Q

on an EM what is noticeable about peptide/glycoprotein hormones

A

contain granules which store the hormones

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11
Q

steroid hormone producing cells on EM

A

hormones not stored in cells

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12
Q

Endocrine glands whose sole functions are hormone production

A 
PPPAT 
Pituitary
Pineal 
Thyroid
Parathyroid 
Adrenal
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13
Q

endocrine tissues found in association with organs which have other functions

A

pancrease, ovary, testis, kidney, liver

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14
Q

diffuse endocrine system

A

single hormone producing cells diffusely scatted in the digestive and respiratory systems

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15
Q

where is the pituitary located

A

beneath the floor of the third ventricle, connected to the hypothalamus

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16
Q

other word for pituitary

A

hypophysis

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17
Q

where does the pituitary lie

A

in the hypophyseal fossa, a bony depression of the sella turcia of the sphenoid bone

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18
Q

other word for anterior pituitary

A

adenohypophysis / pars distalis

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19
Q

parts of anterior pituitary

A

pars tuberalis

pars intermedia

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20
Q

parts of posterior pituitary

A

infundibulum (pituitary stalk) and median eminence (hypothalamus)

21
Q

other word for posterior pituitary

A

neurohypophysis / pars nervosa

22
Q

where do the neurohypophysis (posterior pit) and adenohypohysis (anterior pit) originate from

A

neuro = nervous tissue of the hypothalamus
adeno = ectoderm of the roof of the mouth
DIFFERENT EMBRYO SOURCES

23
Q

how many hormones and cell types in the pituitary

A

6 hormones

1) GH
2) Prolactin
3) Corticotropin (ACTH)
4) FSH
5) LH
6) Thyrotropin (TSH)

5 cell types because FSH and LH are from the same cell type

24
Q

where are anterior pituitary hormones stored

A

in the granules

25
Q

endocrine cell types of anterior pituitary/pars distalis

A 
Acidophils 
1. Somatotrophs (50%) GH 
2. Mammotrophs (20%) prolactin
Basophiles
3. Corticotrophs (20%) Corticotropin (ACTH)
4. Thyrotrophs (5%) Thyrotropin (TSH) 
5. Gonadotrophs (5%) FSH and LH 
Chromophobes: degranulated acidophils or basophils
26
Q

FSH and LH target

A

the ovary and testis

27
Q

ACTH target

A

adrenal cortex

28
Q

GH target

A

skeleton (bone growth), adipose tissue, and muscle

29
Q

Prolactin target

A

mammary gland

30
Q

what is secretion in the pars distalis/ant pit controlled by

A

hypothalamic releasing or inhibiting hormones

31
Q

what controls hypothalamic releasing or inhibiting hormones

A

hypophyseal (pituitary) portal system which provides anatomical-functional link between hypothalamus and pars distalis of ant pit

32
Q

what is the blood supply to the pituitary

A

hypophyseal portal system

33
Q

map of control of pars distalis

A
  1. hypothalamus releases neurosecretory cells (neurons) with releasing or inhibiting hormones
  2. these go through the hypophyseal portal system and act on ant pit hormones
  3. these then act on target organs
34
Q

hypothalamic hormones and their function

A
  1. GH releasing hormone
  2. Corticotropin releasing hormone
  3. TSH releasing hormone
  4. Gonadotropin releasing hormon
  5. Dopamine (inhibits prolactin release)
  6. Somatostatin (inhibits GH release)
35
Q

where is the pars intermedia

A

in between ant pit and post pit

36
Q

what does pars intermedia release

A

2 types of MSH (melanocyte stimulating)

1. beta MSH for skin pigmentation 2. alpha msh for anti appetite

37
Q

what are MSHs a product of

A

pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)

38
Q

what are the cells (granules) of the pars intermedia similar to

A

those of corticotrophs which secrete ACTH

39
Q

what do cells/granules of pars intermedia and corticotrophs synthesize

A

pro-opiomelanocortin which splits into

  1. ACTH (lipotropins for lipid metabolism) 2. Endorphines (endogenous opioids)
  2. MSHs (beta and alpha) for skin pigmentation and anti appetite
40
Q

hormones secreted by pars nervosa of of post pit

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin) and oxytocin

41
Q

what are ADH and oxytocin bound by and where are they released from

A

a carrier protein and secreted by pars nervosa of post pit

42
Q

herring bodies

A

sites of accumulation of hormones combined with neurophysin in the terminal portion of an axon

43
Q

what controls hormone release in herring bodies

A

nerve impulses passing down axons from hypothalamus

44
Q

what is the pineal gland

A

diverticulum of posterior diencephalon and located at posterior end of third ventricle

45
Q

corpora arenacea

A

extracellular calcified bodies containing CaPO4 and MgPO4 and carbonate in an organic matrix. INCREASE WITH AGE!

46
Q

what secretes melatonin

A

pinealocytes

47
Q

what regulates synthesis of melatonin

A

incuded by darkness and supressed by light, thought to regulate diurnal rythyms of body

48
Q

what is melatonin synthesized from

A

amino acid tryptophan via serotonin

49
Q

side effect of melatonin

A

antireproductive effects because decreases gonadotropin release

Bree - Structures (34 decks)

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