Lecture 2 Flashcards
Axial skeleton properties
Older, before extremities
Skull, vertebral column, sternum, ribs
Two parts of skeleton
Axial and appendicular
Properties of appendicular skeleton
Recent
Upper and lower pectoral girdle
Lower limb and pelvic girdle
Number and types of vertebrae
Cervical 7 Thoracic 12 Lumbar 5 Sacral 5 Coccygeal 4 Total 33
3 types of curvatures
Scoliosis (to the side)
Kyphosis (hunched)
Lordosis (arched)
Development of curves
Fetus (1) thoracic
Infant (2) cervical
Adult (4) lumbar and sacral
Distinguishing feature of cervical
Foremen in transverse processes
What is in the foramen in the transverse processes
Vertebral artery and veins
Cervical vertebrae names
C1 atlas
C2 axis
C7 vertebrae prominens
C3-6 non distinctive
Which vertebrae attach to ribs in mammals
Thoracic
Cervical do in other animals – sometimes c7 attached to a cervical rib
What does c1 articulate with
Occipital bone
What are c1 and 2 connected by and where is it
Dens on c2
Largest cervical vertebra
C7
Distinguishing of thoracic
Articulate with ribs
Distinguishing feature thoracic
Facets to articulate with ribs
Where are most disk related injuries
L4 and l5
Sacral features
Fused (sometimes l5 fuses with s1 causing it to be disconnected from s2-5)
Number of coccyx
Normally 4 but sometimes 3 or 5
Not really fused, vestigial part of tailbone
Importance of coccygeal vertebrae
Muscle and ligament attachment for control of anal and pelvic muscles
Coccyx pain
Coccydynia
Joint
Junction of 2 parts of skeleton (articulation)
Types of joints
Fibrocartilaginous
Synovial (diarthrosis)
Type of Fibrocartilaginous joints
Fibrous (synarthrosis)
Cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis)
Type of synovial joints
Subdivided by shape (ex ball and socket or hinge)
Joints of vertebral bodies
Intervertebral disks: Fibrocartilaginous known as symphysis
Joints of vertebral arches
Zygaphoyseal (facet) joint, synovial
Joints of sub occipital region
Atlantooccipital (synovial) Atlanto axial (synovial)
Joints between ribs and bodies of vertebrae/transverse processes
Costovertebral (synovial)
Costotransverse (synovial)
Ligament
Short band of fibrous connective tissue attaching bone to bone
Holds structures together and provides stability
Tendon
Fibrous connective tissue attaching muscle to bone
Aponeurosis
Broad, flat tendon that attaches muscle to bone or other muscles
Joint between bodies of vertebrae
Intervertebral discs (sympheses) Cartilaginous in axial -- stays cartilage
Structure of disks
Annulus fibrosus (outer) Nucleus pulposus (inner)
IVF
Intravertebral foramen – where spinal nerve is born, roots join together to form radicle
cartilage
avascular connective tissue made of extracellular fibers with cells located in small cavities
what happens to cartilage in heavily weightbearing areas
greatly increased, cartilage almost inextensible
functions of cartilage
support soft tissue, provide smooth surface for bone articulations at joints, enable development and growth of long bones
bone
calcified connective tissue
what are synovial joints separated by
a cavity
what are solid joints held together by
connective tissue (no cavity)
synovial joint characteristics
seperated by a cavity
a layer of cartilage covers articulating surfaces of skeletal elements
presents of joint capsule with synovial membrane and outer fibrous membrane
*often have additional structures within area enclosed by synovial membrane (ex: articular discs, fat pads, and tendos)
syncrhodroses and sympheses are examples of
cartilaginous joints
examples of cartilaginous joints (2)
synchondroses and sympheses
intevertebral disks are an example of what kind of joint
symphysis (cartilaginous, solid)
definition of sympheses
two bones connected by cartilage, usually in the midline (ex discs)
