Lecture 2

Question 0

Axial skeleton properties

Answer 0

Older, before extremities

Skull, vertebral column, sternum, ribs

Question 1

Two parts of skeleton

Answer 1

Axial and appendicular

Question 2

Properties of appendicular skeleton

Answer 2

Recent
Upper and lower pectoral girdle
Lower limb and pelvic girdle

Question 3

Number and types of vertebrae

Answer 3

Cervical 7
Thoracic 12
Lumbar 5
Sacral 5
Coccygeal 4
Total 33

Question 4

3 types of curvatures

Answer 4

Scoliosis (to the side)
Kyphosis (hunched)
Lordosis (arched)

Question 5

Development of curves

Answer 5

Fetus (1) thoracic
Infant (2) cervical
Adult (4) lumbar and sacral

Question 6

Distinguishing feature of cervical

Answer 6

Foremen in transverse processes

Question 7

What is in the foramen in the transverse processes

Answer 7

Vertebral artery and veins

Question 8

Cervical vertebrae names

Answer 8

C1 atlas
C2 axis
C7 vertebrae prominens
C3-6 non distinctive

Question 9

Which vertebrae attach to ribs in mammals

Answer 9

Thoracic

Cervical do in other animals – sometimes c7 attached to a cervical rib

Question 10

What does c1 articulate with

Answer 10

Occipital bone

Question 11

What are c1 and 2 connected by and where is it

Answer 11

Dens on c2

Question 12

Largest cervical vertebra

Answer 12

C7

Question 13

Distinguishing of thoracic

Answer 13

Articulate with ribs

Question 14

Distinguishing feature thoracic

Answer 14

Facets to articulate with ribs

Question 15

Where are most disk related injuries

Answer 15

L4 and l5

Question 16

Sacral features

Answer 16

Fused (sometimes l5 fuses with s1 causing it to be disconnected from s2-5)

Question 17

Number of coccyx

Answer 17

Normally 4 but sometimes 3 or 5

Not really fused, vestigial part of tailbone

Question 18

Importance of coccygeal vertebrae

Answer 18

Muscle and ligament attachment for control of anal and pelvic muscles

Question 19

Coccyx pain

Answer 19

Coccydynia

Question 20

Joint

Answer 20

Junction of 2 parts of skeleton (articulation)

Question 21

Types of joints

Answer 21

Fibrocartilaginous

Synovial (diarthrosis)

Question 22

Type of Fibrocartilaginous joints

Answer 22

Fibrous (synarthrosis)

Cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis)

Question 23

Type of synovial joints

Answer 23

Subdivided by shape (ex ball and socket or hinge)

Question 24

Joints of vertebral bodies

Answer 24

Intervertebral disks: Fibrocartilaginous known as symphysis

Question 25

Joints of vertebral arches

Answer 25

Zygaphoyseal (facet) joint, synovial

Question 26

Joints of sub occipital region

Answer 26

``` Atlantooccipital (synovial) Atlanto axial (synovial) ```

Question 27

Joints between ribs and bodies of vertebrae/transverse processes

Answer 27

Costovertebral (synovial) | Costotransverse (synovial)

Question 28

Ligament

Answer 28

Short band of fibrous connective tissue attaching bone to bone Holds structures together and provides stability

Question 29

Tendon

Answer 29

Fibrous connective tissue attaching muscle to bone

Question 30

Aponeurosis

Answer 30

Broad, flat tendon that attaches muscle to bone or other muscles

Question 31

Joint between bodies of vertebrae

Answer 31

``` Intervertebral discs (sympheses) Cartilaginous in axial -- stays cartilage ```

Question 32

Structure of disks

Answer 32

``` Annulus fibrosus (outer) Nucleus pulposus (inner) ```

Question 33

IVF

Answer 33

Intravertebral foramen -- where spinal nerve is born, roots join together to form radicle

Question 34

cartilage

Answer 34

avascular connective tissue made of extracellular fibers with cells located in small cavities

Question 35

what happens to cartilage in heavily weightbearing areas

Answer 35

greatly increased, cartilage almost inextensible

Question 36

functions of cartilage

Answer 36

support soft tissue, provide smooth surface for bone articulations at joints, enable development and growth of long bones

Question 37

bone

Answer 37

calcified connective tissue

Question 38

what are synovial joints separated by

Answer 38

a cavity

Question 39

what are solid joints held together by

Answer 39

connective tissue (no cavity)

Question 40

synovial joint characteristics

Answer 40

seperated by a cavity a layer of cartilage covers articulating surfaces of skeletal elements presents of joint capsule with synovial membrane and outer fibrous membrane *often have additional structures within area enclosed by synovial membrane (ex: articular discs, fat pads, and tendos)

Question 41

syncrhodroses and sympheses are examples of

Answer 41

cartilaginous joints

Question 42

examples of cartilaginous joints (2)

Answer 42

synchondroses and sympheses

Question 43

intevertebral disks are an example of what kind of joint

Answer 43

symphysis (cartilaginous, solid)

Question 44

definition of sympheses

Answer 44

two bones connected by cartilage, usually in the midline (ex discs)