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Bree - Structures > Lecture 28: Kidneys > Flashcards

Lecture 28: Kidneys Flashcards

1
Q

adrenal glands also called

A

suprarenal

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2
Q

outer part of kidney is

A

cortex

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3
Q

what is the medulla

A

cortex and pyramid

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4
Q

what separates diffferent pyramids

A

the columns

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5
Q

where do the artery vein and ureter meet

A

hillum

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6
Q

what does the ureter divide into

A

major and minor calyces

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7
Q

what is attached to each minor calyce

A

medullary pyramid (medulla delimited by extensions of cortex)

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8
Q

purpose of kidneys (basic)

A

filter blood and produce urine

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9
Q

three things urine formation involves

A

filtration, secretion, reabsorption of fluid by renal corpuscles and tubules

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10
Q

how much fluid filtered daily vs how much urine produces

A

180 L filtered, 1-2 liters of urine produced

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11
Q

function of kidneys (more specific)

A

1- remove metabolic waste products, foreign substances, and drugs.
2- regulate vol and composition of water and electrolytes in extracellular fluid
3- control acid base balance

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12
Q

what do kidneys synthesize

A

1) renine (regulation of arterial blood, ENDOCRINE)
2) erythropoietin (stim erythrocyte production in bone marrow ENDOCRINE)
3) convert vit D into active form for calcium balance
4) glucogenesis to make glucose from AA during starvation

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13
Q

what is a nephron

A

functional unit of kidney

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14
Q

how many nephrons per kidney

A

1 million

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15
Q

what is the nephron composed of

A

renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule

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16
Q

renal corpuscle

A

bowman’s capsule and glomerulus

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17
Q

bowman’s capsule

A

parietal layer, visceral layer (podocytes) and bowman’s/urinary space

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18
Q

glomerulus

A

tuft of capillaries supported by the mesangium (mesangial cells and ECM)

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19
Q

loop of henle

A

thick descending limb (of proximal tubule) + thin limbs + thick ascending limb (of distal tubule)

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20
Q

what does the nephron NOT include

A

collecting duct- different embryologic origin but functionally connected to nephron and VERY important

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21
Q

where do nephrons originate

A

cortex at the renal corpuscle

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22
Q

where is the thickest part of the ascending limb

A

macula densa (contact point of arterioles entering the flomerulus)

23
Q

what do the connecting tubules connect to on both sides

A

distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

24
Q

what does the collecting duct do

A

transport urine to calyx

25
Q

the visceral layer of bowmans is composed of

A

modified epithelial cells called podocytes

26
Q

what vessel supplies the glomerulus and ddrains it

A

afferent glomerular arteriole and drained by efferent

27
Q

describe the path into the kidney

A

renal artery to afferent arteriole to capillaries (located in glomerulus and surrounded by mesangium)

28
Q

describe the path out of the kidney

A

capillaries to efferent arteriole to capillaries surrounding tubules OR vasa recta wrapping around loop of henle in medula to renal vein

29
Q

what does podocyte cytoplasm contain

A

actin filaments, lysosomes, and microtubules because it has contractile and phagocytic functions
FORM PART OF GLOMELULAR BM

30
Q

what do podocyte primary foot processes give rise to

A

secondary foot proesses that rest on GBM and form filtration slits

31
Q

function of mesangium

A

mechanical support for glomelular capillaries

32
Q

Structural relationship of mesangium and glomerular capillaries

A

The capillary wall is deficient in BM at the site of attachment to the measngium, and the endothelial cells lie directly on the masangium.

33
Q

mesangial cells specific function

A

1) matrix production (support glomeular cap)
2) contractile (impact filtration)
3) vasoactive substance (endothelins induce constriction of afferent and efferent arterioles)
4) phagocytic (immune complex)
5) proliferative (in glomelular disease)

34
Q

cells in PCT vs DCT (Shape)

A

both simple cuboidal but proximal has brush border and a ragged luminal border

35
Q

LM cytoplasm and nuclei in PCT vs CT

A

PCT: cytoplasm is eosinophilic and nuclei is central or near base
DCT: cytoplasm is pale, nuclei is towards the lumen

36
Q

LM nuclei number and cell border in PCT vs DCT

A 
PCT = fewer nuclei per tubular XS and indictinct cell borders
DCT = more nuclei per XS and cell borders are more distinct
37
Q

what absorbs 80% of ultrafiltrate

A

apical surface microvilli

38
Q

what do microvilli membranes do

A

transport proteins for transporting Na+, amino acids, and glucose into the cell

39
Q

what do endocytic vesicles and lysosomes do

A

absorption and degratation of filtered proteins

40
Q

what do BM plasma membranes do

A

Na K ATPase pump for active transport of sodium. AA and glucose also transported out of the cell

41
Q

what do mitochondria do

A

energy production for active transport

42
Q

function of BM plasma membrane infoldings in DCT

A

NA K ATPase pump for active transport of Na from tubular fluid to renal interstitium

43
Q

what hormone mediates active transport of sodium

A

aldosterone secreted by adrenal cortex

44
Q

what do thin limbs of loop do

A

generate potential to concentrate urine

45
Q

what does vasa recta contain

A

blood that has been filtered through the glomerulus

46
Q

what does the vasa recta do

A

provide nourishment and oxygen to medullary tissue

47
Q

collecting duct function

A

reabsorption of water from the ducts - controlled by antidiuretic hormon (ADH, vasopressin) from posterior pituitary

48
Q

justaglomeular apparatur is involved in

A

regulation of systemic blood pressure via renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

49
Q

JG apparatus composed of

A

macula densa of DCT
JG cells (renin producing, protease)
Extragolmerular mesangial cells (lacis cells)

50
Q

where are JG cells found and what kind are they

A

modified smooth muscle in afferent arterioles containing renin but a few may be present in efferent

51
Q

is kidney endocrine or exocrine

A

endocrine

52
Q

exrectory passage

A

calyces, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, proximal urethera

53
Q

urinary bladder function

A

conduit of urine

54
Q

urinary bladder characteristics

A

impervious to water, resistant to bacteria, stretch to cover varying size of bladder (the cells do), there are plaques also btu we dont know why might just be for membrane strength and impermeability

Bree - Structures (34 decks)

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