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Bree - Structures > Lecture 21: The Lungs > Flashcards

Lecture 21: The Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

what is the R lung divided into

A

R upper, R middle, R lower (has horizontal and oblique fissure)

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2
Q

what is the L lung divided into

A

L upper and lower (only oblique fissure)

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3
Q

what is the function of the lung lymphatics

A

channel lymph towards hilum and to mediastinal lymph nodes

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4
Q

what do the lung lymphatics look like

A

white lines under shiny visceral surface

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5
Q

what is the pleura composed of in terms of cells

A

a single layer of mesothelial cells

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6
Q

two types of pleura in lungs and what is in between them

A

visceral and parietal, pleural cavity is in between

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7
Q

sensory innervation of parietal pleura (receptors, afferent nerve, resulting action)

A

receptors: tear/puncture
afferent nerve: intercostal and phrenic
resulting action: GSA pain

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8
Q

sensory innervation of visceral pleura (receptors, afferent nerve, resulting action)

A

rec: tear/puncture
afferent nerve: vagus and sympathetics
result: little/no GVA pain

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9
Q

sensory innervation of smooth muscle (receptors, afferent nerve, resulting action)

A

receptor: stretch
afferent nerve: vagus
resulting action: herin breuer reflex (limits inspiration)

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10
Q

sensory innervation of mucosa of trachea and bronchi (receptors, afferent nerve, resulting action)

A

receptor: irritation
afferent nerve: vagus
resulting action: coughing, gasping, prolonged inspiration

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11
Q

sensory innervation of C pain fibers in alveoli and bronchi (receptors, afferent nerve, resulting action)

A

receptor: inflammation
afferent nerve: vagus
resulting action: stimulates respiration

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12
Q

sensory innervation of pulmonary veins and cardiac plexus (receptors, afferent nerve, resulting action)

A

receptor: chemical (chemo)
afferent nerve: vagus
resulting action: stimulates respiration if O2 is low

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13
Q

sensory innervation of aortic arch and wall, pulmonary arteries (receptors, afferent nerve, resulting action)

A

receptor: pressure (baro)
afferent nerve: vagus
resulting action: regulates change in blood pressure

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14
Q

what fibers are in phrenic and where do they go

A

GSE to diaphragm

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15
Q

what does the pulmonary artery carry

A

deoxygenated blood

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16
Q

what does the pulmonary vein carry

A

oxygenated blood

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17
Q

what is the dual blood supply to the lungs

A

bronchial arteries from aorta, intercostal arteries or subclavian arteries entering at the hilum (oxygenated blood!!!)
pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood!

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18
Q

what do the pulmonary arteries look like

A

follow bronchial tree to form capillaries around alveoli

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19
Q

what are broncho pulmonary segments

A

lung sub units corresponding to bronchial tree, no visible lines demarcating these

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20
Q

outline the tracheobronchial tree

A

trachea to intrapulmonary bronchus

each branch of bronchus has main (1) lobar (2 on R, 3 on L) and bronchioles

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21
Q

what don the bronchioles turn into

A

terminal bronchioles then respiratory bronchioles then alveolar duct then alveolar sac then alveolus

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22
Q

what separates the trachea (muscle name)

A

the carina

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23
Q

what is the trachea composed of

A 
Adventitia 
C-shaped rings –
Trachealis & Longitudinal
Submucosa
Mucosa
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24
Q

what is the adventitia

A

connective tissue on outside of trachea

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25
Q

what is the c shaped ring

A

hyaline cartilage in trachea which is incomplete dorsally

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26
Q

what is trachealis and longitudinal

A

smooth muscles in trachea

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27
Q

what is the submucosa

A

mucous and serous glands in the trachea

28
Q

what is the mucosa comprised of

A

epithelium and lamina propria

29
Q

what is epithelium in trachea

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar and goblet cells

30
Q

what is the lamina propria in trachea

A

connective tissue and elastic fibers

31
Q

what other cells (other than main ones) are present in respiratory epithelium

A

endocrine (kulchinsky cells) which secrete serotonin etc and regulate airway reflexes (smooth muscle contraction)

also basal cells (not columnar) which are undifferentiated precursors

32
Q

where do objects lodge

A

R bronchus (2 parts) more vertical

33
Q

where is the intrapulmonary bronchus usually located

A

next to a branch of the pulmonary artery

34
Q

what types of cells in intrapulmonary bronchus

A

irregular cartilage plates, smooth muscle, goblet cells, ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium, transitions to ciliated simple columnar as bronchi get smaller

35
Q

what is the bronchopulmonary segment

A

secondary/tertiary bronchi travel alongside, and branch in parallel with pulmonary arteries/arterioles

36
Q

what cells in bronchiole

A

No cartilage, smooth muscle, very few or no goblet cells, epithelium transitions from ciliated simple columnar to ciliated simple cuboidal

37
Q

what is the autonomic innervation of bronchial glands

A

sympathetics (inhibitory, 4Fs)

parasympathetic (vagus, secretomotor)

38
Q

what is the autonomic innervation of bronchial smooth muscle

A

sympathetic (4Fs, bronchodilation)

Parasympathetic (vagus, bronchoconstriction)

39
Q

what is notable about bronchi and bronchioles and what is the physiologic result

A

no gas exchange so want a larger diameter lumen!

40
Q

sympathetic and parasympathetic function of bronchial vaculature

A

sympathetic is vasoconstriction

parasympathetic is vasodilation

41
Q

what is notable about alveolar vasculature

A

no effect of ANS innervation

42
Q

function of sympathetics in lungs

A

secretory inhibition, bronchodilation, vasoconstriction

43
Q

function of parasympathetics in lungs

A

secretomotor
bronchoconstriction
vasodilation?

44
Q

what does the pulmonary plexus contain

A

contains both sympathetic & parasympathetic axons, and parasympathetic ganglia
*Vagus, L recurrent laryngeal

45
Q

what are clara cells precursors to

A

bronchiolar epithelial cells

46
Q

what is the function of clara cells

A

detox of carcinogens, synthesizes surfactant like protein, secretes alpha 1 antitrypsin that inhibits digestion of elastin

47
Q

what happens with elastic tissue breakdown

A

emphysema

48
Q

what does the alveolar wall contain

A

elastic tissue

49
Q

what is an acinus (acini is plural)

A

functional subunit of lung supplied by single respiratory bronchiole

50
Q

what is a resp bronchiole encircled by

A

smooth muscle

51
Q

what is interesting about capillary walls

A

potrude into lumen to provide more surface area

52
Q

what type of cells are endothelial cells (shape and function)

A

thin/flat for gas exchange

53
Q

type I pneumocytes

A

thin/flat, for gas exchange

54
Q

what percent of alveolar cells are type I pneumocytes

A

40% but cover 90% of surface of alveoli

55
Q

what percent of cells are type II pneumocytes

A

60%

56
Q

what is the function of type II pneumocytes

A

replace damaged type I cells, secrete surfactant

NO GAS EXCHANGE

57
Q

what are lamellar bodies

A

secretory vescicles that product surfactant in the form of tubular myelin weaves

58
Q

where is surfactant found

A

alveolar surface

59
Q

what does surfactant do

A

1) acts as a detergent to decrease alveolar surface tension
2) keeps cell surface water layer thin, increasing gas exchange
3) increases compliance (stretchability)
4) prevents alveolar collapse
5) reduces fluid flow from capillaries into airways

60
Q

what is surfactant made of

A

mix of phospohlipids, cholesterol, carbohydrates, proteins

61
Q

what happens with low surfactant levels

A

low surfactant levels = respiratory distress syndrome

62
Q

what do alveolar macrophages do

A

phagocytose extra surfactant

63
Q

smokers lungs

A

XS carbon particules trapped in macrophages
chronic bronchitis as XS mucus from goblet cells
loss of elasticity (emphysema, fibrosis)

64
Q

what is the cellular change in smokers lungs

A

metaplasia (bronchi epithelium changes to stratified squamous)

65
Q

pore of kohn

A

discrete holes in walls of alveoli

Bree - Structures (34 decks)

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