Lecture 29 - urinary tract and adrenal embryo

Question 1

basic urinary system

Answer 1

kidney (filter plasma and excrete urine)
ureter (connect kidneys to bladder)
urinary bladder (stores urine)
urethra (carries urine from bladder to exterior)

Question 2

what embryonic cells does the urogenital system develop from

Answer 2

intermediate mesoderm

Question 3

what are the urogenital ridges

Answer 3

nephrogenic cord (urinary) 
genital/gonadal ridge (genital)

Question 4

names of embryological kidneys

Answer 4

pronephros
mesonephros
metanephros

Question 5

when are pronephros part of embryo

Answer 5

4th embryological week

Question 6

what are pronephros consisted of

Answer 6

cervical nephrotomes and pronephric duct

TRANSITORY AND NON FUNCTIONAL

Question 7

when do mesoneprhos appear

Answer 7

late in 4th week, functional TEMPORARILY

Question 8

what do mesonephros consist of

Answer 8

nephrotomes >glomeruli
mesonephric tubules
mesonephric ducts

Question 9

what are mesonephric ducts a remnant of

Answer 9

pronephros, opens into cloaca

Question 10

when do mesonephros degenerate

Answer 10

Degenerate at end of first trimester (except for some adult male derivatives)

Question 11

when do Metanephros develop and start to fucntion

Answer 11

develop in 5th, function in 9th

Question 12

what happens after 12th week in terms of kidneys

Answer 12

majority of amniotic fluid is fetal urine

Question 13

what are the permanent kidneys derived from

Answer 13

metanephric diverticulum aka uretic bud

Question 14

what is the metanephric diverticulum an outgrowth of

Answer 14

distal mesonephric duct

Question 15

what does metanephric diverticulum give rise to

Answer 15

ureters, renal pelvis, calices, and collecting tubules

Question 16

another word for metanephric mass of intermediate mesoderm

Answer 16

metanephrogenic blastema

Question 17

what gives rise to the nephrons

Answer 17

Metanephric mass of intermediate mesoderm

Question 18

how do we get our permanent kidneys

Answer 18

Metanephric diverticulum and metanephric mass of intermediate mesoderm are interdependent and have reciprocal induction

Question 19

specific interaction of uretic bud and metanephric mesoderm

Answer 19

Ureteric bud penetrates metanephric mesoderm to induce metanephrogenic blastema

THEN

Metanephric blastema induces ureteric bud to undergo successive branching

Question 20

what does the uretic bud become

Answer 20

major calices (1-4 generations) 
minor calices (4-8 generations) 
collecting tubules (over 8 generations)

Question 21

formation of nephrons embryologically

Answer 21

1) Distal end of collecting tubule (from ureteric bud) induces metanephric vesicles (from blastema)
2) Metanephric vesicles elongate into metanephric tubules
3) Distal end of metanephric tubule invaginated by glomerular capillaries

Question 22

fetal kidneys

Answer 22

lobular in appearance

Question 23

when do number of glomeruli increase until

Answer 23

32-35 weeks gestation

Question 24

when does glomerular filtration begin

Answer 24

around week 9, GFR increases after birth

Question 25

where do kidneys begin and end positionally

Answer 25

initially in pelvis, ascend into abdomen as caudal portion grows relative to cranial STOP when reach abdomen, hilum of kidney rotates 90 degrees medially

Question 26

what is the early embryonic renal artery

Answer 26

common iliacs

Question 27

what happens to blood supply as kidneys ascend

Answer 27

branches involute and ner arteries arise from aorta -- adult renals come from aorta

Question 28

what does cloaca turn into

Answer 28

urorectal septum - rectum - urogential sinus

Question 29

divisions of urogenital sinus and what they become

Answer 29

vesical part - most of bladder pelvic part - urethra phallic part - grows towards genital tubercule

Question 30

urinary bladder epithelium and outer layers

Answer 30

epithelium: endoderm outer layer: splanchnic mesoderm *INITIALLY CONTINUOUS WITH ALLONTOIS*

Question 31

what do ureters come from

Answer 31

metanephros

Question 32

where is bladder in children vs adults

Answer 32

abdominal until puberty when it becomes pelvic

Question 33

fate of allantois

Answer 33

initially continuous with bladder (contributes vesicle portion), constricts to become urachus, extends from dome of bladder to umbilicus and then becomes median umbilical ligament in adults

Question 34

endoderm of urethra in males vs femals

Answer 34

female: endoderm of urogenital sinus male: proximal uroginital sinus, distal epithelial growth from penis (glandular uretheral plate)

Question 35

where is connective tissue/smooth muscle in urethra derived from

Answer 35

splanchnic mesoderm

Question 36

where is the cortex of the adrenal glands derived from

Answer 36

mesoderm

Question 37

where is the medulla in the adrenal glands derived from

Answer 37

neural crest cells

Question 38

when do adrenals develop

Answer 38

6th week - intermediate mesoderm and adjacent to gonads

Question 39

what does the medulla of the adrenals secrete

Answer 39

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 40

cortex - outer to inner layers

Answer 40

``` zona glomerulosa (salt) zona fasciculata (sugar) Zona reticularis (sex) SALT SUGAR SEX THE LOWER YOU GO THE BETTER IT GETS ```

Question 41

Zona glomerulosa

Answer 41

mineralocorticoids=salt/fluid regulation, aldosterone

Question 42

Zona fasciculata

Answer 42

glucocorticoids=metabolism of carbs, proteins and fats, cortisol

Question 43

Zona reticularis

Answer 43

sex steroid precursors

Question 44

fetal adrenals size wise

Answer 44

bigger than fetal kidneys!!!

Question 45

failure of kidneys to develop is called

Answer 45

renal agenesis | if bilateral, lethal due to pulmonary hypoplasia

Question 46

POTTER SEQUENCE

Answer 46

kidneys dont develop so you dont have urine which means you dont dont have amniotic fluid during fetal life (get compression and pulmonary hypoplasia)

Question 47

prune belly syndrome

Answer 47

development of urethra is bad and get folded stomach