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Bree - Structures > Lec 35: Reproductive Tract > Flashcards

Lec 35: Reproductive Tract Flashcards

1
Q

what forms the genital tubercule

A

proliferating mesenchyme

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2
Q

where does the genital tubercule form

A

cranial end of cloacal membrane

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3
Q

what is the cloacal membrane divided into at 6 weeks

A

urogenital membrane and anal membrane

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4
Q

what is the cloaca divided into at week 6

A

anterior urogenital sinus and posterior rectum

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5
Q

what develops laterally to the urogenital membrane at week 6

A

the urogenital folds

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6
Q

what develops lateral to the urogenital folds

A

the labiosacral folds

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7
Q

what do the urethra and vagina both open into

A

the vestibule

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8
Q

what forms the urethral plate

A

proliferation of endodermal cells

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9
Q

what do the urogenital folds ultimately form

A

the spongy urethra (spongy urethra itself is internal and from the urethral plate)

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10
Q

what forms the penile (median) raphe

A

fusion of surface ectoderm

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11
Q

why is there a dural origin of urethral epithelium

A

because spongy urethra (urethral plate) meets the ectodermal ingrowth (glandular plate) to form the urethra

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12
Q

what is the glandular part of spongy urethra

A

the part formed from ectodermal ingrowth at the glandular plate

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13
Q

what creates the prepuce (foreskin)

A

12th week circular ingrowth of ectoderm occurs and breaks down

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14
Q

what are the muscles of the penis derived from

A

mesenchymal growth

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15
Q

external urethral orifice formed from

A

canalization at urethral plate

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16
Q

what is the scrotum and scrotal raphe formed from

A

fusion of labioscrotal swellings

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17
Q

what are the labia minora derived from

A

unfused urogenital folds

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18
Q

what are labia majora formed from

A

unfused labioscrotal folds

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19
Q

what causes feminization of te indifferent external genitalia

A

estrogens produced by placenta and fetal ovaries

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20
Q

what is homologous to the scrotum

A

labia majora

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21
Q

what does the genital tubercule form (men and women)

A

penis and clitoris

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22
Q

what do they urogenital folds form

A

ventral penis and labia minor

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23
Q

what do the labioscrotal folds form

A

scrotum and labia majora

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24
Q

what does the urogenital sinus form in men

A

bladder, bulbourethral glands, urethra (part), prostatic uricle, prostate (BBUPP)

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25
what does the urogenital sinus form in women
Bladder, Bartholins, urethra and para/urethral glands, vagina BBUUV
26
errors in sex determination are called
disorders of sexual development
27
hemaphroditism
discrepency between morphology of gonads and appearance of external genitalia
28
majority of DSDs in terms of genotype
46 XX some 46XX/XY or 46 XY
29
what causes 46 XX with ambiguous genitalia
virilization of external genitalia due to exposure of female fetus to excess androgens
30
CAH
congenital adrenal hyperplasia where there is clitoral enlargement and labial fusion - sometimes caused by tumors or enzyme deficiency causing XS androgen by adrenals - can Rx prenatally with steroids until gender is determined
31
46 xy with ambiguous genitalia
variable external and internal -- due to inadequate production of testosterone and MIS by fetal testes. inadequate virilization of male fetus, various enzymatic defects in testosterone synthesis
32
AIS
androgen insensitivity syndrome - 46XY - defect in androgen receptor so get normal appearing females with female external but blind/ending vagina and rudimentary uterus
33
hypospadias
inadequate production of androgens and/or inadequate receptors leads to failure of canalization of ectodermal cord or failure of fusion or urogenital folds causing incomplete formation if spongy urethra
34
agenesis of external genetalia
very rare. failure of genital tubercule to develop - congenital absence of clitoris/penis so urethra opens into perineum near anus
35
anomalies of uterus and vagina (basic)
incomplete fusion of paramesonephric ducts, incomplete development of paramesonephric ducts, or incomplete canalizaion of vaginal plate to frm the vagina
36
uterus didelphys
failure of fusion of inferior parts of paramesonephric ducts
37
bicornuate uterus
duplication involves only superior part of the uterus
38
bicornuate uterus with rudimentary horn
one paramesonephric duct has poor growth and does not fuse with the other - +/- communication with cavity of uterus, +/- hematocolpos
39
septate uterus
abnormal fusion with external uterus appearing normal but internal septum is present
40
unicornuate uterus
one paramesonephric duct fails to develop
41
absence of vagina and uterus
failure of sinovaginal bulbs to develop and form vaginal plate (uterovaginal primordium normally induces formation of sinovaginal bulbs, absent vagina is usually associated with absent uterus)
42
vaginal atresia
transverse vaginal septum, failure of canalization of vaginal plate
43
development of inguinal canals is primarily a result of
ligament from gonad (gubernaculum) piercing abdominal wall and attaching to internal labioscrotal folds
44
what is the gubernaculum derived from
degerating mesonephros
45
what is the processus vaginalis formed from
evagination of the peritoneum ventral to gubernaculum which carries with it layes of abdominal wall
46
what becomes the deep and superficial inguinal rings
deep: opening in transversalis fascia caused by processus vaginalis superficial: opening in external oblique aponeurosis caused by processus vaginalis
47
what causes/allows the descent of the testes
1. enlargement of testes and atrophy of mesonephric kidneys. 2. atrophy of paramesonephric ducts enables testes to move to deep inguinal rings. 3. processus vaginalis guides testes through inguinal canal into scrotu
48
where do testes move from
posterior abdominal wall
49
how does pressure play a role in descent of testes
increased intra-abdominal pressure due to enlarging organs pushes them down
50
where are the testes of newborns located
in the scrotum in 97 percent of cases (spontaneous descent wont occur after one year)
51
what becomes the internal spermatic fascia
the transversalis fascia
52
what becomes the cremasteric muscle/fascia
the internal oblique
53
what becomes the external spermatic fascia
the external oblique
54
what happens to the stalk of the processus vaginalis
obliterates and tunica vaginalis isolated as a peritoneal sac
55
cryptorchidism
undescended testes - caused by androgen deficiency and can remain anywhere along path of descend... get increased risk of sterility and testicular cancer
56
ectopic testes
when the gubernaculum goes to an abnormal location
57
congenital inguinal hernia
failure of complete closure between tunica vaginalis and peritoneal cavity - persistent processus causes loop of intestines to herniate through into scrotum or labia majora
58
hydrocele
abdominal end of processus vaginalis has small opening allowing peritoneal fluid to pass through
59
what does the gubernaculum become in women
cranial end is ovarian ligament, caudal end is round ligament
60
when does the indifferent stage of development end (in terms of genitalia)
7 weeks
61
when does external genitalia become distinguishable
after 12 weeks

Bree - Structures (34 decks)

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