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Bree - Structures > Lec 35: Reproductive Tract > Flashcards

Lec 35: Reproductive Tract Flashcards

1
Q

what forms the genital tubercule

A

proliferating mesenchyme

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2
Q

where does the genital tubercule form

A

cranial end of cloacal membrane

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3
Q

what is the cloacal membrane divided into at 6 weeks

A

urogenital membrane and anal membrane

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4
Q

what is the cloaca divided into at week 6

A

anterior urogenital sinus and posterior rectum

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5
Q

what develops laterally to the urogenital membrane at week 6

A

the urogenital folds

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6
Q

what develops lateral to the urogenital folds

A

the labiosacral folds

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7
Q

what do the urethra and vagina both open into

A

the vestibule

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8
Q

what forms the urethral plate

A

proliferation of endodermal cells

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9
Q

what do the urogenital folds ultimately form

A

the spongy urethra (spongy urethra itself is internal and from the urethral plate)

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10
Q

what forms the penile (median) raphe

A

fusion of surface ectoderm

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11
Q

why is there a dural origin of urethral epithelium

A

because spongy urethra (urethral plate) meets the ectodermal ingrowth (glandular plate) to form the urethra

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12
Q

what is the glandular part of spongy urethra

A

the part formed from ectodermal ingrowth at the glandular plate

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13
Q

what creates the prepuce (foreskin)

A

12th week circular ingrowth of ectoderm occurs and breaks down

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14
Q

what are the muscles of the penis derived from

A

mesenchymal growth

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15
Q

external urethral orifice formed from

A

canalization at urethral plate

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16
Q

what is the scrotum and scrotal raphe formed from

A

fusion of labioscrotal swellings

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17
Q

what are the labia minora derived from

A

unfused urogenital folds

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18
Q

what are labia majora formed from

A

unfused labioscrotal folds

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19
Q

what causes feminization of te indifferent external genitalia

A

estrogens produced by placenta and fetal ovaries

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20
Q

what is homologous to the scrotum

A

labia majora

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21
Q

what does the genital tubercule form (men and women)

A

penis and clitoris

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22
Q

what do they urogenital folds form

A

ventral penis and labia minor

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23
Q

what do the labioscrotal folds form

A

scrotum and labia majora

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24
Q

what does the urogenital sinus form in men

A

bladder, bulbourethral glands, urethra (part), prostatic uricle, prostate (BBUPP)

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25
Q

what does the urogenital sinus form in women

A

Bladder, Bartholins, urethra and para/urethral glands, vagina

BBUUV

26
Q

errors in sex determination are called

A

disorders of sexual development

27
Q

hemaphroditism

A

discrepency between morphology of gonads and appearance of external genitalia

28
Q

majority of DSDs in terms of genotype

A

46 XX some 46XX/XY or 46 XY

29
Q

what causes 46 XX with ambiguous genitalia

A

virilization of external genitalia due to exposure of female fetus to excess androgens

30
Q

CAH

A

congenital adrenal hyperplasia where there is clitoral enlargement and labial fusion - sometimes caused by tumors or enzyme deficiency causing XS androgen by adrenals - can Rx prenatally with steroids until gender is determined

31
Q

46 xy with ambiguous genitalia

A

variable external and internal – due to inadequate production of testosterone and MIS by fetal testes. inadequate virilization of male fetus, various enzymatic defects in testosterone synthesis

32
Q

AIS

A

androgen insensitivity syndrome - 46XY - defect in androgen receptor so get normal appearing females with female external but blind/ending vagina and rudimentary uterus

33
Q

hypospadias

A

inadequate production of androgens and/or inadequate receptors leads to failure of canalization of ectodermal cord or failure of fusion or urogenital folds causing incomplete formation if spongy urethra

34
Q

agenesis of external genetalia

A

very rare. failure of genital tubercule to develop - congenital absence of clitoris/penis so urethra opens into perineum near anus

35
Q

anomalies of uterus and vagina (basic)

A

incomplete fusion of paramesonephric ducts, incomplete development of paramesonephric ducts, or incomplete canalizaion of vaginal plate to frm the vagina

36
Q

uterus didelphys

A

failure of fusion of inferior parts of paramesonephric ducts

37
Q

bicornuate uterus

A

duplication involves only superior part of the uterus

38
Q

bicornuate uterus with rudimentary horn

A

one paramesonephric duct has poor growth and does not fuse with the other - +/- communication with cavity of uterus, +/- hematocolpos

39
Q

septate uterus

A

abnormal fusion with external uterus appearing normal but internal septum is present

40
Q

unicornuate uterus

A

one paramesonephric duct fails to develop

41
Q

absence of vagina and uterus

A

failure of sinovaginal bulbs to develop and form vaginal plate
(uterovaginal primordium normally induces formation of sinovaginal bulbs, absent vagina is usually associated with absent uterus)

42
Q

vaginal atresia

A

transverse vaginal septum, failure of canalization of vaginal plate

43
Q

development of inguinal canals is primarily a result of

A

ligament from gonad (gubernaculum) piercing abdominal wall and attaching to internal labioscrotal folds

44
Q

what is the gubernaculum derived from

A

degerating mesonephros

45
Q

what is the processus vaginalis formed from

A

evagination of the peritoneum ventral to gubernaculum which carries with it layes of abdominal wall

46
Q

what becomes the deep and superficial inguinal rings

A

deep: opening in transversalis fascia caused by processus vaginalis
superficial: opening in external oblique aponeurosis caused by processus vaginalis

47
Q

what causes/allows the descent of the testes

A
  1. enlargement of testes and atrophy of mesonephric kidneys.
  2. atrophy of paramesonephric ducts enables testes to move to deep inguinal rings. 3. processus vaginalis guides testes through inguinal canal into scrotu
48
Q

where do testes move from

A

posterior abdominal wall

49
Q

how does pressure play a role in descent of testes

A

increased intra-abdominal pressure due to enlarging organs pushes them down

50
Q

where are the testes of newborns located

A

in the scrotum in 97 percent of cases (spontaneous descent wont occur after one year)

51
Q

what becomes the internal spermatic fascia

A

the transversalis fascia

52
Q

what becomes the cremasteric muscle/fascia

A

the internal oblique

53
Q

what becomes the external spermatic fascia

A

the external oblique

54
Q

what happens to the stalk of the processus vaginalis

A

obliterates and tunica vaginalis isolated as a peritoneal sac

55
Q

cryptorchidism

A

undescended testes - caused by androgen deficiency and can remain anywhere along path of descend… get increased risk of sterility and testicular cancer

56
Q

ectopic testes

A

when the gubernaculum goes to an abnormal location

57
Q

congenital inguinal hernia

A

failure of complete closure between tunica vaginalis and peritoneal cavity - persistent processus causes loop of intestines to herniate through into scrotum or labia majora

58
Q

hydrocele

A

abdominal end of processus vaginalis has small opening allowing peritoneal fluid to pass through

59
Q

what does the gubernaculum become in women

A

cranial end is ovarian ligament, caudal end is round ligament

60
Q

when does the indifferent stage of development end (in terms of genitalia)

A

7 weeks

61
Q

when does external genitalia become distinguishable

A

after 12 weeks

Bree - Structures (34 decks)

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