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Bree - Structures > Lecture 18: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Lecture 18: Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

what comprises lower resp tract

A

larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

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2
Q

when do lower resp organs begin to form

A

4th week

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3
Q

respiratory primordium

A

median outgrowth of ventral wall of pharynx called the laryngotracheal groove

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4
Q

laryngotracheal groove eventually becomes the

A

laryngotracheal tube

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5
Q

laryngotracheal tube composed of

A

endoderm and splanchnic mesoderm

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6
Q

endoderm of LT tube

A

gives rise to epithelium and glands of larynx, trachea, bronchi, and pulmonary epithelium

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7
Q

splanchnic mesoderm of LT tube

A

connective tissue, cartilage, and smooth muscle

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8
Q

functions of larynx

A

swallow, respiration, voice production

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9
Q

borders of larynx

A

upper = epiglottis, lower = cricoid cartilage

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10
Q

larynx communicates with

A

above: mouth and nasal cavities
below: trachea

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11
Q

what does the epithelial lining develop from(in larynx)

A

endoderm of LT tube

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12
Q

where does cartilage develop from (in larynx)

A

4th and 6th pharyngeal arches (come from neural crest)

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13
Q

where to arytenoid swellings come from

A

mesenchyme at cranial end proliferating rapidly. causes paired swellings.

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14
Q

what do the arytenoid swellings do

A

grow towards tongue converting primordial glottis into T shaped laryngeal inlet (lumen becomes narrow slit)

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15
Q

when does the laryngeal lumen recanalize

A

10th week

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16
Q

what is the t shaped glottis bound by

A

lateral arytenoid swellings and cranial epiglottis

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17
Q

what are the vocal cords formed from

A

during recanalization, laryngeal ventricles (recesses) form. bound by mucous membranes which form vocal cords.

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18
Q

what does the epiglottis do

A

covers the larynx

19
Q

what does the epiglottis develop from

A

hypobrachial eminence (muscles form from myoblast in 4th-6th arches)

20
Q

laryngeal web

A

from incomplete recanalization of larynx in week ten – partial obstruction of airway in a newborn

21
Q

what controls branching in respiratory tract

A

mesoderm

22
Q

what happens at the end of week four

A

laryngotracheal groove invaginates to form laryngotracheal diverticulum

23
Q

what do the tracheo-esophageal folds become

A

the TE septum

24
Q

what does the TE septum do

A

divides LT tube from oro-pharync and esophagus

25
Q

TE fistula

A

abnormal communication between trachea and esophagus

26
Q

what is a TE fistula caused by

A

incomplete division of foregut into resp tracht (trachea) and esophageal parts – incomplete fusion of TE folds

27
Q

where do lung buds develop

A

caudal end of LT tube during 4th week

28
Q

lung buds become

A

bronchial bud

29
Q

how many bronchi

A

2 on L, 3 on R

30
Q

difference between R and L bronchi

A

R are larger, shorter, and more vertical

L only have two lobes

31
Q

bronchopulmonary segment

A

bronchus and mesenchyme

32
Q

how many orders of branches at week 24

A

17

33
Q

periods in lungs

A

1) pseudoglandular (5-17 weeks)
2) canalicular (16-25 weeks)
3) terminal sac (24 weeks to birth)
4) alveolar (birth to 8 years)

34
Q

pseudoglandular period

A

formation and growth of duct system, branchopulmonary segments not well developed, fetuses cannot survive

35
Q

canalicular period

A

bronchi and terminal bronchioles enlarge, highly vascular, alveolar sacs not really differentiated, respiration possible

36
Q

terminal sac period

A

epithelium very thing, contact between epi and endothelial cells permit gas exchange, type I alveolar cells line terminal saccules, proliferation of capillary netowrk, type II alveolar cells secrete surfactant

37
Q

issues with lungs prior to 26-28 weeks

A

inadequate surfactant, insufficient alveolar surface area, inadequate pulmonary vasculature

38
Q

alveolar sac

A

terminal sacs have very thin epithelial lining, alveolocapillary membrane allows gas exchange, terminal saccules = future alveolar ducts

39
Q

autonomous gas exchange requires

A

surfactant, transformation of lungs to a gas exchanging organ, establishment of parallel pulmonary and systemic circulations

40
Q

when do most alveoli develop

A

95 percent post natally

41
Q

what does in utero normal lung development depend on

A

1) adequate thoracic space for lung growth
2) fetal breathing movements
3) amniotic fluid volume

42
Q

what is the preparation for respiration

A

1) fetal breathing movements (condition resp muscles, stimulate lung development)
2) at birth, lungs filled with fluid
3) birth - replacement of intra alveolar fluid with air

43
Q

pharynx connects

A 
to larynx (which goes to trachea) 
the esophagus

Bree - Structures (34 decks)

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