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Microbiology > Lecture 2: Bacterial Morphology and Structure 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Bacterial Morphology and Structure 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the glycocalyx of a bacterial cell

A

Polysaccharide containing material lying outside the cell wall

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2
Q

What are the two forms of glycocalyx

A
  1. Slime layer
  2. Capsule
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3
Q

What is the function of the glycocalyx

A

Promotes adherence, protects against desiccation, barrier to antibiotics, inhibits phagocytosis, virulence factor

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4
Q

T or F: some bacteria species are A-virulent if capsule is absent

A

True

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5
Q

What is a slime layer

A

Easily removed, diffuse, unorganized layer of extracellular material that surrounds bacterial cells

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6
Q

What are the functions of a slime layer

A

Protect the bacteria cells from environmental dangers like antibiotics and desiccation, adherence, permit to survive chemical sterilization

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7
Q

Is the following a slime layer or capsule

A

slime layer

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8
Q

What is a capsule

A

Well organized, uniform, rigid layer outside of cell wall

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9
Q

What is the Quellung Reaction

A

Test used to determine of bacteria has a capsule or not. Add anti-capsular antibodies, antigen-antibody reaction causes change in capsule so that is appears swollen and more visible

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10
Q

Is the following a capsule or slime layer

A

capsule

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11
Q

What is the gold standard for stereotyping pneumococcus

A

Quellung reaction

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12
Q

What are flagella

A

Fliamentous appendages composed entirely of proteins

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13
Q

What are the three major components of flagella

A
  1. Filament
  2. Hook
  3. Basal body
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14
Q

What is the function of flagella hooks

A

Attaches filament to the basal body

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15
Q

What is the function of the basal body of flagella

A

Anchors flagellum in the cell wall/membrane

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16
Q

Each flagellum is made up of several ___, composed of flagellum- ___ antigens

A

Protofilaments, H antigens

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17
Q

Why are identifying H antigens useful

A

Can help dx the type of bacteria

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18
Q

How many flagella in atrichous

A

None

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19
Q

How many flagella in lophotrichous

A

Multiple polar flagella- one one side

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20
Q

What does amphitrichous mean

A

Single flagellum or multiple flagella on both polar ends

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21
Q

What does peritrichous mean

A

Multiple flagella all over cell

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22
Q

Identify type of flagella 1-4

A
  1. Monotrichous
  2. Lophotrichous
  3. Amphitrichous
  4. Peritrichous
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23
Q

What are pili/fimbriae

A

Rigid, hair like proteinaceous structures

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24
Q

What is the function of pili/fimbriae

A

Attachment

25
Q

What are the two main classes of pili

A
  1. Ordinary/common
  2. Sex/conjugation/ F pilus
26
Q

What type of arrangement do ordinary/common pili have

A

Peritrichous

27
Q

What is the purpose of the ordinary/common pili

A

Serve as virulence factors- adhere to host cells

28
Q

What is the purpose of the sex/conjugation/F pili

A

Structure for conjugation, genetic exchange mechanism

29
Q

What type of bacteria are sex/conjugation/F pilus found in

A

Gram negative bacteria

30
Q

Where do prokaryotes package their DNA

A

Nucleoid

31
Q

T or F: nucleoid lacks a nuclear membrane

A

True

32
Q

What is the advantage of lacking a nuclear membrane

A

Allows for coupled transcription-translation

33
Q

What are the advantages of coupled transcription-translation

A

Protein synthesis is faster, quicker response to environment (a reason for bacterial resistance)

34
Q

Describe chromosome of bacterial

A

Single, circular chromosome, no introns in DNA no histones

35
Q

What is the benefit of no introns and no histones in chromosomes

A

Allows for quick response to environment

36
Q

What do plasmids code for

A

Non-essential information: includes genes that encode for:
1. Antibiotic resistance
2. Heavy metal resistance
3. Toxins
4. Useful metabolic enzymes

37
Q

How can bacteria acquire plasmids

A

Various genetic exchange mechanisms

38
Q

What are the bacterial ribosome subunits

A

70S: 50S and 30S

39
Q

What is the purpose of ribosomes

A

Site for protein synthesis- coupled transcription-translation

40
Q

What are inclusion bodies

A

Various granules, vesicles, and vacuoles within cytoplasm

41
Q

How can inclusion bodies be helpful clincially

A

Can help in identification of some bacteria

42
Q

What is an endospore

A

Resting stage that allows organism to survive harsh environmental conditions

43
Q

Endospore formation is triggered by ___, such as ___

A

Unfavorable conditions, such as nutrient depletion

44
Q

When a favorable condition returns an endospore will undergo __

A

Germination

45
Q

What is the core of the endospore

A

Contains complete chromosome, protein synthesizing apparatus and energy generating system based on glycolysis

46
Q

What is the spore wall

A

Innermost layer surrounding inner spore membrane, contains normal peptidoglycan and becomes the cell wall of the germinating vegetative state

47
Q

What is the cortex of endospore

A

Thickest layer of the spore envelope. Cortex peptidoglycan extremely sensitive to lysozyme and autolysis plays a role in spore germination

48
Q

What is the coat of an endospore

A

Composed of keratin like protein containing many intramolecular disulfide bonds. Impeccability of this layer is important for bacterial resistance

49
Q

What is the exosporium

A

Composed of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates

50
Q

What is the difference between sporulation and vegetative growth

A

Sporulation: DNA replicates , eventually spore coat and spore form—> will germinate until an unfavorable condition occurs then will enter vegetative growth. Once favorable conditions return it will produce 2 new daughter cells

51
Q

What are the two clinically relevant genera that produce endospores

A

Bacillus and clostridium

52
Q

Are the genera that produce endospores gram positive or negative

A

Positive

53
Q

What is the staining technique for detecting endospores

A
  1. Apply malachite green-primary stain
  2. Heat
  3. Water/decolarizer
    4 apply safranin- counter stain
54
Q

How do aminoglycosides serve as antibiotic

A

Bind 30S ribosomes causing misreading of genetic code

55
Q

What are some examples of aminoglycosides

A

Gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, streptomycin, kanamycin

56
Q

How do tetrcyclines work as antibiotics

A

Binds 30S ribosomes reversibly, prevents addition of amino acids to elongating peptide chain

57
Q

How do lincosamides work as antibiotics

A

Binds to 50S ribosomes, inhibit peptidyl transferase

58
Q

What are some examples of lincosamides

A

Linomycin, clindamycin, pirlimycin

59
Q

How does chloramphenicol work as antibiotic

A

Binds 50S ribosomes inhibits peptidyl transferase

Microbiology (31 decks)

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