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Microbiology > Lecture 16: Bacillus and Clostridium 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 16: Bacillus and Clostridium 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Are Bacillus spp gram positive or negative and what shape

A

Gram positive rods

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2
Q

Are Bacillus spp spore forming and are they bulging or non-bulging

A

Spore forming, non-bulging

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3
Q

Where are Bacillus spp found

A

Soils, decaying organic material, water, human microbiota

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4
Q

Bacitracin is produced by what bacillus spp

A

B. Licheniformis

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5
Q

Polymixin B is formed by what bacillus spp

A

B. Poylmyxa

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6
Q

Bt toxin is formed by what Bacillus spp

A

B. Thurinfinesis

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7
Q

What the results of Bacillus spp for catalase and oxidase tests

A

Catalase positive, oxidase negative

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8
Q

what does B. Licheniformis cause in sheep and cattle

A

Sporadic abortions

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9
Q

What does B. Cereus cause in cattle

A

Abortions and mastitis- acutely fatal or loss of udder quadrant

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10
Q

What does B. Subtilis cause in cattle

A

Mastitis and abortions

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11
Q

What does the core structure of endospores contain

A

DNA, ribosomes, lower h20 content

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12
Q

What is the endospore germ cell wall made of

A

Peptidohylcan

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13
Q

What does the cortex of endospore contain

A

Less rigid peptidoglycan, 1/2 spore volume

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14
Q

What does the coat of endospore contain

A

Heavily crosslinked proteins

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15
Q

Identify which is Clostridal spp and which is Bacillus spp. how do you know

A

left: clostridial- bulging endospores
Right: Bacillus- non-bulging endospores

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16
Q

What is the infectious agent in B. Anthracis

A

QSpores

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17
Q

B. Anthracis is a CDC category ___ pathogen

A

Category A priority pathogen

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18
Q

What is the unique part of B. Anthracis cell wall

A

Secondary cell wall polysaccharide that is covalently bound to peptidoglycan

Anchors S layer to peptidoglycan

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19
Q

What is the S- layer

A

Surface proteins on B. Anthracis cell wall

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20
Q

What is the Sap protein of S layer

A

Primary protein during exponential growth

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21
Q

What is the EA1 protein in B. Anthracis S layer

A

Replaces Sap as cell enters stationary growth phase

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22
Q

What component of the S layer is a strong target for vaccines

A

EA1 protein

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23
Q

Not all B. Anthracis strains are virulent, what do they carry to become virulent

A

Two extra chromosomal plasmids

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24
Q

What are the two extra chromosomal plasmids of B. Anthracis

A
  1. PXO1
  2. PXO2
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25
Q

What does PXO1 encode for

A
  1. Lethal factor (LF)
  2. Edema Factor (EF)
  3. Protective antigen (PA)- binds EF and LF
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26
Q

what does LF +PA toxin in B. Anthracis do

A

Cleaves host cell MAP kinase proteins leads to host cell death and releases of TNFalpha

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27
Q

What does EF +PA toxin in B. Anthracis do

A

Increases cAMP levels in host cell, leads to swelling and edema

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28
Q

What does the PXO2 toxin in B. Anthracis encode for

A

Capsule production.
- caPBCDAE Oberon encodes genes necessary for poly-y-D-glutamic acid capsule
- inhibits phagocytosis

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29
Q

What are the routes of infection for B. Anthracis

A
  1. Inoculation via exposed skin
  2. Ingestion
  3. Inhalation- likely bioterrorism route, 50% fatal once symptoms arise
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30
Q

What does B. Anthracis do in sheep, goats, and cattle

A

Staggering, dyspnea, collapse

Often so rapidly fatal that illness is not observed- found dead

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31
Q

What is likely cause of death based on this presentation

A

B. Anthracis

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32
Q

What does B. Anthracis cause in horses

A

Fever, chills, severe colic, anorexia, depression, weakness, bloody diarrhea, swelling of neck, sternum, lower abdomen and external genital

Death in 2-3 days post symptoms

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33
Q

What species is somewhat resistant to anthrax

34
Q

If pigs do show signs of B. Anthracis what are they

A

Sudden death, oropharyngitis, mild or chronic form

35
Q

What is oropharyngeal anthrax characterized by in pigs

A

Rapidly progressive swelling of throat- cause of death may be suffocation

36
Q

Why don’t you open carcass with suspected anthrax

A

Oxygen promotes endospore formation

37
Q

What are some on site presentations of anthrax in dead animal

A

Widespread hemorrhage, absence of rigor mortis, bloated, bleeding at mouth, nose, anus and vulva

38
Q

When sampling sources to dx B. Anthracis you must wear

39
Q

How can you dx B. Anthracis

A
  1. Y phage lysis- y phage is specific to B. Anthracis and some B. Cereus isolates
  2. Capsule staining- M’Fadyean stain aka Polychrome Methylene blue
  3. Susceptibility to penicillin
40
Q

What stain do you use to stain capsule to dx B. Anthracis

A

M’Fadyean stain aka polychrome methylene blue

41
Q

A phage was used to dx suspected B. Anthracis, what phage was that and what does this image show

A

y-phage, image shows y-phage lysis

42
Q

What stain is this and what is it identifying

A

M’Fadyean stain aka polychrome methylene blue to identify capsules of B. Anthracis

43
Q

What test strips can you use to dx B. Anthracis

A
  1. BaDX
  2. Tetracore Redline Alert
44
Q

B. Cereus has shown to be ___so can share DNA with B. Anthracis

A

Naturally competent

45
Q

What are the plasmids in the African strain of B. Cereus

A
  1. PBCXO1
  2. PBXCO2
46
Q

What does PBXCO1 do in African strains of B. Cereus

A

Toxin genes and functional hasABC genes that encode hyaluronic acid capsule

47
Q

What does PBXCO2 African strains of B. Cereus do

A

Plasmid has capBCDAE genes- encode poly-y-D-glutamic acid capsule

48
Q

What are the two plasmids in American strains of B. Cereus

A
  1. PBCXO1
  2. PBC210
49
Q

What does PBCXO1 do in the American strain of B. Cereus

A

Functional hasABC genes- encode hyaluronic acid capsule

50
Q

What does the PBC210 toxin in American strain of B. Cereus do

A

Carry bpsX-H operant that encodes for a capsule

51
Q

How do you control anthrax in animals

A

Vaccine- live culture strain with no PXO2 (no capsule, a virulent)

52
Q

How do you destroy carcasses infected with anthrax

A

Incinerate carcass and burn soil

53
Q

If you bury a carcass with anthrax, it must be buried >__ft with ___away from water sources

A

6.5ft with quick lime (caustic calcium oxide)

54
Q

What treatment is available for animals with anthrax

A

Penicillin G or oxytetracycline

55
Q

If inhalation anthrax is possible what is the treatment and why

A

Doxycycline and ciprofloxacin for 60 days because spores are latent and require long course of antibiotics

56
Q

How is cutaneous anthrax treated

A

With penicillin

57
Q

What is used to tx humans infected with anthrax

A

Obiltoxaximab and Raxibacumab are monoclonal antibodies to PA

58
Q

Are Clostridial spp gram positive and negative and what shape

A

Gram positive rods

59
Q

Most Clostridial species are strict ___organism

60
Q

Are Clostridial species spore forming or no

A

Spore forming, bulging in mother cell

61
Q

What is the causative agent of tetanus

A

Clostridium Tetani

62
Q

What hemolysis is shown with C. Tetani

A

B-hemolysis and swarming growth on blood agar

63
Q

What species are highly susceptible to C. Tetani

A

Horses and humans

64
Q

What species are moderately susceptible to C. Tetani

A

Ruminants and pigs

65
Q

What species are somewhat resistant to C. Tetani

A

Carnivores

66
Q

Infection with C. Tetani is caused by ___

A

Contamination of tissue wounds

67
Q

What is the pathogenesis of C. Tetani

A
  1. Spores enter wound and anaerobic conditions lead to germination
  2. Anaerobiosis caused by deep penetrating wound, necrotic tissue
  3. Facultative anaerobes take up O2 creating environment for obligate anaerobe
  4. Tetanolysin- hemolytic pore forming toxin that lyses RBC’s
    Tetanospasmin- tetanus neurotoxin that binds presynaptic terminals of LMN, travels retrograde up axons, enters inhibitory interneurons in brain and spinal cord, blocks release of GABA and glycine inhibitory NT—> spastic paralysis
68
Q

What is ascending rigid paralysis from C. Tetani

A

Animal not highly susceptible, localized tetanus/ spastic paralysis at toxigenic site

69
Q

What is descending rigid paralysis with C. Tetani

A

Highly susceptible species with vascular dissemination, generalized tetanus

70
Q

What are some key signs of rigid paralysis from C. Tetani

A
  1. Lockjaw- trismus
  2. Raised eyebrows and grinning- rises sardonicus
  3. Sawhorse stance
  4. Death- respiratory arrest in 1-2weeks
71
Q

Based on these photos, what are you concerned about

72
Q

How can you dx C. Tetani

A
  1. Clinical signs
  2. Gram stain
  3. Culture
  4. PCR for tetanus toxin genes from wounds
73
Q

In dogs what disease do you need to differentiate tetanus from

A

Strychnine poisoning

74
Q

What is the tx for tetanus

A
  1. Antibiotics- penicillin (DOC), tetracycline, metronidazole, clindamycin
  2. Anti-TeTN antibodies
  3. Surgical debridement of wounds
75
Q

How often do horses get tetanus antitoxin

A

Every 12hrs along with muscle relaxants and barbiturates/ sedatives

76
Q

Dogs and cats can be given horse raised tetanus antitoxin but it can cause ___

A

Anaphylaxis

77
Q

How long does recovery from C. Tetani take and why

A

Months, because toxin binds irreversibly so requires regeneration of synapses

78
Q

How do you control C. Tetani

79
Q

How often should farm animals be vaccinated for C. Tetani

A

Yearly and after dangerous wound

80
Q

Mares should be vaccinated for C. Tetani during last ___weeks of pregnancy

81
Q

When do foals get vaccinated for C. Tetani

A

5-8 weeks old

82
Q

Should animals who survive tetanus be vaccinated

A

Yes, regularly because endospores can persist and germinate later

Microbiology (31 decks)

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