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PSY200 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the assumptions of science?

A

True, physical universe exists.
Universe is essentially orderly.
The principles that define the functioning of the universe can be discovered.
All ideas are tentative, potentially changed by new information.

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2
Q

What do the basic assumptions of science do?

A

Form the basis of all scientific thinking.

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3
Q

What are observation and inference based on?

A

Based on empirical observation and rational abstraction we create understanding.

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4
Q

What are facts?

A

Events that can be observed

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5
Q

What are most facts of psychology?

A

Behaviours.

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6
Q

What are constructs inferred from?

A

Observations

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7
Q

What is a reitification of a construct?

A

Incorrectly believing it is fact.

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8
Q

What is inductive thinking?

A

From the specific instance to the general theory.

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9
Q

What is a deductive reasoning?

A

from the general theory to predict specific instances

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10
Q

How does science develop theory?

A

It develops theories through inductive logic.

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11
Q

How does science test theories?

A

Tests theories by generating predictions through deductive logic and empirically verifying those predictions, observation regarding those predictions are then used to….
And so on… it’s a process of enquiry.

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12
Q

What’s a theory?

A

A simplified framework for explaining complex phenomena.

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13
Q

A scientfic theory must be both?

A

Testable and falsiable

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14
Q

What is the role of theories?

A

Theories organize data and help predict new data; they provide us with direction.

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15
Q

What are the three ways to evaluate theories?

A

Validity, parisomony and usefulness

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16
Q

What is validity?

A

Accuracy of the theory in predicting outcomes.

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17
Q

What is parsimony?

A

Simple theories are preferred.

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18
Q

What is usefulness?

A

The value of the theory for practical problem solving.

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19
Q

What are the four types of theories?

A

Inductive theories, deductive theories
E.g., Skinner’s conditioning theories.

Deductive theories:

Functional theories:

Models: ‘Mini-theories’. An analogical representation of reality – it represents reality, does not replicate it.

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20
Q

What are inductive theories built on?

A

built on strong data base and tend to stay close to the data.

21
Q

What are deductive theories built on?

A

logically derived rather than derived from the data.

22
Q

What are examples of inductive theories?

A

Skinner’s conditioning theories

23
Q

What is an example of a deductive theory?

A

Meehl’s (1962, 1990) theory of schizophrenia – no data at that time to support his contention.

24
Q

What are functional theories?

A

about equal emphasis on inductive and deductive processes.

25
Q

What are model theories?

A

‘Mini-theories’. An analogical representation of reality – it represents reality, does not replicate it.

26
Q

What is a model?

A

Model: A simplified representation of the real thing.

27
Q

What is a model used to conceptualise?

A

It is used to conceptualize phenomena that are too complex to understand in their entirety.

28
Q

What increases the chance a model will be useful?

A

The closer a model is to reality, the more likely that it will be useful.

29
Q

What is the two dimensional model of research involve?

A

Phases of research and levels of constraint.

30
Q

What are the phases of research?

A

The successive, overlapping steps of a research project.

31
Q

What is the level of constraint?

A

The degree of specificity, control, and precision.

32
Q

What are the phases of research?

A 
Idea-generating phase.
Problem-definition phase.
Procedures-design phase.
Observation phase.
Data-analysis phase.
Interpretation phase.
Communication phase.
33
Q

What occurs in the problem-definition phase of research?

A

Ideas are formalized into testable research questions.

34
Q

What is procedures-design phase?

A

Translate your ideas into testable hypotheses.

The variables must be defined and procedures selected.

Each step should be planned.

Ethical issues must be considered.

35
Q

What is the data-analysis phase?

A

Evaluating the data, usually using statistical procedures.

Statistical procedures are selected in the procedures-design phase.

Many types of statistics are available:
Depends on the question asked.
Depends on the nature of the data.

36
Q

What does naturalistic observation involve?

A

Involves observing the natural flow of behavior in a natural setting:

37
Q

With naturalistic observation is than an effort to control behaviour?

A

No.

38
Q

What are hypothesises with naturalistic observation?

A

Often no strong hypotheses going into the study.

39
Q

For naturalistic observation, what does a flexible strategy involve?

A

Allows the researcher to shift attention to behaviors that seem interesting.

40
Q

What does case study research have?

A

Some intervention by the researcher to structure the setting and observations:
Asking questions.
Setting up situations or tasks.

41
Q

With case research who is being studied?

A

Typically studying a single individual

42
Q

What is correlational research?

A

Measuring the direction and strength of a relationship between variables:
Must be at least two variables.
Variables must be measured consistently (that is, measurement is constrained).

43
Q

What is correlational research used for?

A

Established relationships can be used to predict future events – but with caution.
Difficult to ascertain direction of causality.

44
Q

What is differential research?

A

Concerned with evaluating differences between existing groups:

45
Q

With differential research groups defined by?

A

Groups defined by preexisting variables.

Group composition is outside of researcher’s control.

46
Q

With differential research, what does interpreting group differences do?

A

Interpreting group differences takes skill, knowledge, and caution.

47
Q

What is experiental research?

A

Comparing two or more conditions:
Participants are assigned randomly to the conditions.
Therefore, group differences are due to the impact of the conditions.

The highest level of constraint.

48
Q

What is the highest level of constraint in research?

A

Experimental research.

PSY200 (49 decks)

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