Formative Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1

Where can scientific theory be conducted?

Answer 1

Anywhere

Question 2

What is one observation of empiricism?

Answer 2

Observations may not be representative.

Question 3

What is one problem with using rationalism to obtain knowledge?

Answer 3

The premises may not be true.

Question 4

Believing in something because the President tells you it is true is an example of …

Answer 4

Authority

Question 5

Why are models useful?

Answer 5

They represent reality, they help us to organize knowledge and they help us to understand something that can be complex.

Question 6

A theory is often judged on the basis of …

Answer 6

how useful it is in organizing the data.

Question 7

The scale of measurement that is called the naming scale is the ..

Answer 7

nominal scale.

Question 8

What is science characterised by?

Answer 8

A combination of induction and deduction.

Question 9

Is age a construct?

Answer 9

No

Question 10

Is the ego a construct?

Answer 10

Yes

Question 11

Is intelligence a construct?

Answer 11

Yes

Question 12

Is gravity a construct?

Answer 12

Yes

Question 13

Statistical procedures that help determine the statistical significance of the observations are performed during…

Answer 13

The data-analysis phase

Question 14

Measurements by ranked categories, such as class rankings or academic grades (A, B, C, D, F), provide examples of

Answer 14

An ordinal scale

Question 15

According to Stevens’ (1946) classification, the four scales of measurement are…

Answer 15

nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.

Question 16

The lowest level of measurement is represented by the ________ scale.

Answer 16

Norminal

Question 17

A researcher measures student’s attitudes towards test-taking in the following way: 1-fun; 2-very fun; 3-extremely fun. This is an example of a(n) ________ scale of measurement.

Answer 17

Ordinal.

Question 18

Most psychological theories are …

Answer 18

Functional theories based on induction and deduction.

Question 19

Both ordinal and interval scales have in common the mathematical properties of …

Answer 19

identity and magnitude.

Question 20

The data produced by nominal scales are called ?

Answer 20

Categorical data

Question 21

If a researcher uses inferred constructs as a basis on which to make a prediction about new and specific observations, he or she is engaging in…

Answer 21

Deductive reasoning

Question 22

The differences between values or categories in nominal scales are …

Answer 22

Qualitative

Question 23

Which of the following participant characteristics can be directly observed in scientific research?

Answer 23

Sex of the participant

Question 24

Which variable can be directly manipulated by the experimenter?

Answer 24

The independent variable

Question 25

The differences between consecutive values in ratio scales are...

Answer 25

at equal intervals

Question 26

A researcher measures some participants on a measure that required concentration in a loud and distracting environment and others in a quiet environment. The researcher does not find the predicted relationship between performance on this measure and IQ. If you assume that such a relationship exists in reality, the failure to find it in this study may be due to...

Answer 26

Measurement error

Question 27

Which type of reliability would provide an index of the stability of a variable?

Answer 27

Test-retest reliability

Question 28

________ is a process of formulating specific questions and then finding answers in order to better understand nature

Answer 28

Scientific research.

Question 29

Low-constraint research is particularly relevant if a scientist is ...

Answer 29

Breaking new grounds in research.

Question 30

What is a constraint?

Answer 30

A variable that does not vary.

Question 31

The influence of extraneous variables can reduce a study's methodological soundness or ...

Answer 31

Validity.

Question 32

What is the relationship between the reliability and the validity of a measure?

Answer 32

A valid measure must have reliability.

Question 33

If an experimenter is interested in investigating the causal relationship between two variables, what would be the best strategy?

Answer 33

Operationally define one of the variables as a manipulated independent variable in an experimental design.

Question 34

Which of the following represents data measured on an interval scale?

Answer 34

reaction time of air traffic controllers on a signal detection task

Question 35

What is a variable?

Answer 35

Any characteristic that can take more than one value.