Chapter 1 Glossary

Question 1

What is the goal of application?

Answer 1

In scientific research, the goal of application involves using or knowledge to solve real-world problems.

Question 2

What is authority?

Answer 2

A way of acquiring knowledge. New ideas are accepted as valid because some respected authority has declared it to be true.

Question 3

What is behaviour modification?

Answer 3

A set of teaching or threapeutic procedures that are based on laboratory derived principles of learnings.

Question 4

What is behavioural neuroscience?

Answer 4

A field that relates to behaviour of an organism to the brain mechanisms contributing to behaviour.

Question 5

What is behaviourism?

Answer 5

A philosophical perspective that argues that a scientific psychology should base its theories only on observable events.

Question 6

What is causation?

Answer 6

Bringing about a change in a phenomenon.

Question 7

What is cognitive psychology?

Answer 7

A sub-discipline in psychology that studies perceptual processing, memory and basic thought processes.

Question 8

What is description?

Answer 8

Identifying and observing phenomena and carefully recording their details.

Question 9

Is description one of the goals of research?

Answer 9

Yes

Question 10

What is empiricism?

Answer 10

System of knowing that is based solely on observations of events.

Question 11

What is experimentation?

Answer 11

Manipulating the independent variable to observe the effects on the dependent variable.

Question 12

What is explanation?

Answer 12

Using scientific understanding to develop a statement of the mechanisms of how certain factors can change other factors.

Question 13

What is functionalism?

Answer 13

A philosophical perspective that stresses the need to study how the mind functions and adapts to the environment.

Question 14

What is Gestalt psychology?

Answer 14

A philosophical perspective on perception that rests on the concept that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

Question 15

What is health psychology?

Answer 15

An applied discipline that focuses on understanding and modifying behaviour that affect a person physical health.

Question 16

What is hub science?

Answer 16

A highly influential body of scientific knowledge from which other sciences and non-scientific agencies draw heavily.

Question 17

What is humanistic behaviour?

Answer 17

A philosophical perspective that emphasises subjective experience and the distinctively human qualities of choice and self-realisation.

Question 18

What is intuition?

Answer 18

Way of acquiring knowledge without intellectual effort or sensory processes.

Question 19

What is logic?

Answer 19

Set of operations that can be applied to statements, and the conclusions draw from these statements, to determine the internal accuracy of the conclusions.

Question 20

What is mainstream psychology?

Answer 20

Contemporary psychology that represents an integration of many of the early school of psychology and their theoretical models.

Question 21

What is naive empiricism?

Answer 21

Extreme dependence on personal experience in order to accept events as facts.

Question 22

What is orderliness belief?

Answer 22

Ancient belief that events in nature are predictable.

Question 23

What is phylogenetic continuity?

Answer 23

An evolutionary concept about the contunuity of structure and functions between humans and other animals.

Question 24

What is prediction?

Answer 24

It is making a statement about what will happen to one factor if we know what happens with another factor.

Question 25

What is prepared mind?

Answer 25

A disciplined curiosity that makes scientists sharply alert to the possibility of unanticipated discoveries.

Question 26

What is process of inquiry?

Answer 26

The perspective that views research as a dynamic process of formulating questions and answering those questions through research.

Question 27

What is pseudoscience?

Answer 27

Popular distortions of scientific knowledge and procedures, which appear on the surface to be scientific, but lack critical scientific procedures.

Question 28

What is psychology?

Answer 28

Scientific study of the behaviour of organisms.

Question 29

What is psychophysics?

Answer 29

Involves the presentation of pricise stimuli under controlled conditions and the recording of the participant’s responses.

Question 30

What is rationalism?

Answer 30

A way of knowing that relies on logic a set of premises from which logical inferences are made.

Question 31

What is science?

Answer 31

Ways of knowing that combines rationalism and empricism.

Question 32

What is scientific research?

Answer 32

Research based on the combination of rationalism and empiricism

Question 33

What is serendipity?

Answer 33

The process of experiencing unanticipated scientific discoveries.

Question 34

What is skeptic?

Answer 34

A person who characteristically applies skepticism.

Question 35

What is sophisticated empiricism?

Answer 35

Accepting indirect evidence for a phenomenon.

Question 36

What is structuralism?

Answer 36

A philosophical perspective, populaiszed y Wundt, in which scientists seek to identify the structure of mechanisms that control behaviour.

Question 37

What is tenacity?

Answer 37

Ways of knowing based on accepting an idea as true because it has been accepted as true for a long time.

Question 38

What is theology?

Answer 38

The philosophical tenets and/or study of religion.