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PSY200 > Chapter 5 Glossary > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Glossary Flashcards

1
Q

What is an abscissa?

A

The x axis on a graph.

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2
Q

What is the alpha level?

A

Type 1 error level (probability of incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis).

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3
Q

What is the analysis of variance?

A

Statistical procedure that analyses mean differences between two or more groups by comparing between-groups and within-group variance.

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4
Q

What is average deviation?

A

The average distance from the mean.

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5
Q

What is beta?

A

The probability of making a type two error.

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6
Q

What is bimodal?

A

A distribution of scores that has two modes.

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7
Q

What is central tendency?

A

Average or typical score in a distribution.

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8
Q

What is a coefficient alpha?

A

An index of internal consistency reliability.

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9
Q

What is continuous variable?

A

Variable that can theoretically take on an infinite number of values.

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10
Q

What is a correlation coefficient?

A

Index of the degree of linear relationship between variables.

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11
Q

What is correlation?

A

Degree of linear relationship between two or more variables.

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12
Q

What is covary?

A

When the values of two or more measures change together.

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13
Q

What is cross-tabulation?

A

Procedure that illustrates the relationship between two or more nominal variables. A cross tabulation table shows the frequency of participants who show each particular combination of characteristics.

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14
Q

What is a degree of freedom?

A

A statistical concept in which one degree of freedom is lost each time that a population parameter is estimated.

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15
Q

What are descriptive statistics?

A

Statistics that summarise and/or describe a sample of scores.

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16
Q

What are effect size?

A

Index of the size of the difference between groups, expressed in standard deviation units.

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17
Q

What are frequencies?

A

The number of objects or participants that fall into a specified category.

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18
Q

What is frequency distribution?

A

Organisational device used to simplify large data sets.

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19
Q

What is a frequency polygon?

A

Graph that illustrates a frequency distribution by placing a dot above each possible score at a height that indicates the score’s frequency and then connect the dots.

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20
Q

What are graphs?

A

A means of presenting data visually.

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21
Q

What are grouped frequency distribution?

A

Lists the frequency of scores in equal-size intervals.

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22
Q

What is a histogram?

A

A bar graph in which the frequency of scores is represented by the height of the bar.

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23
Q

What are individual differences?

A

Natural difference among people.

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24
Q

What are inferiental statistics?

A

Statistical procedures that allow us to decide whether the sample data suggest that population difference exist.

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25
Q

What is linear relationship?

A

Relationship between the variables that, when plotted in a standard coordinate system, cluster around a straight line.

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26
Q

What is a mean?

A

Arithmetic average of scores that should be computed only for score data.

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27
Q

What are measures of central tendency?

A

Descriptive statistics that indicate the typical score.

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28
Q

What is median?

A

Middle score in a distribution.

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29
Q

What is mode?

A

Most frequent score in a distribution.

30
Q

What is a negative correlation?

A

Relationship between two variable in which an increase in one variable predicts a decrease in the other.

31
Q

What is negatively skewed?

A

When scores are concentrated near the top of the distribution.

32
Q

What is a non linear relationship?

A

Any relationship between variables that is characterised by a scatter plot in which the points cluster around a curve instead of a straight line.

33
Q

What is normal distribution?

A

Distribution of scores that is characterised by a bell shaped curve. Psychological variables tend to show distributions that are close to normal.

34
Q

What is null hypothesis?

A

States that the groups are drawn from populations with identical population perimeters.

35
Q

What is an ordinate?

A

The y axis on a graph.

36
Q

What is pearson product-moment correlation?

A

Index of the degree of linear relationship between two variables in which each variable represents score data.

37
Q

What is a percentile rank?

A

Score that reflects the percentage of participants who score lower.

38
Q

What is perfect correlation?

A

Correlation of a 1 or a -1

39
Q

What is phi?

A

A measure of relationship between two nominal variables.

40
Q

What is population?

A

A defined set of objects or events (people, occurences, animals etc).

41
Q

What is a positive-correlation?

A

Relationship between two variables, in which one variable increases as the other variable

42
Q

What is positively skewed?

A

Distribution in which scores are concentrated near the bottom of the scale.

43
Q

What is power?

A

Power of a statistical test is the ability of an inferential statistical procedure to detect differences between groups when such differences actually exist.

44
Q

What is power analysis?

A

Procedures that determine the power of a statistical tst to detect group differences if those differences exist.

45
Q

What is probability?

A

The ratio of speific events to the total number of possible events.

46
Q

What is p value?

A

The probability of obtaining the statistic or a larger statistic by chance if the null hypothesis is true.

47
Q

What is range?

A

Distance between he lowest score and the highest score.

48
Q

What is regression?

A

A mathematical procedure that produces an equation for predicting a variable (the criterion) from one or more other variables.

49
Q

What is relationship?

A

Any connection between two or more variables.

50
Q

What is a sample?

A

Any subset drawn from a population.

51
Q

What is sampling error?

A

Chance variation among samples drawn from the same population.

52
Q

What is a scatter plot?

A

Graphing technique that

53
Q

What is skewed distribution?

A

Any distribution in which scores bunch up at the end of the scale.

54
Q

What is spearman rank-order correlation?

A

Indexes the degee of the relaiationship between two variables, each of which is measured on at least an ordinal scale.

55
Q

What is standard deviation?

A

An index of variability that is the square root of the variance.

56
Q

What is standard score?

A

Score that gives a person relative standing. It is computed by subtracting the mean from the score and dividing by the standard deviation.

57
Q

What is statistical power?

A

Power of a statistical test

58
Q

What is statistical signifigance?

A

A finding is statistically significant if it us unlikely that it occurred by chance alone.

59
Q

What is sum of squares?

A

Sum of the squared fiferences from the mean.

60
Q

What is symmetric distribution?

A

Distribution in which the right half of the distribution is a mirror image of the left half.

61
Q

What is trimodal?

A

A distrubution that has three modes.

62
Q

What is a t-test?

A

Statistical procedure that tests for mean differences between two groups.

63
Q

What is a type 1 error?

A

Probabability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true.

64
Q

What is a type 2 error?

A

Probability of not rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false.

65
Q

What is unvariate design?

A

Single-variable designs: Designs that include just one independent variable.

66
Q

What is variability?

A

Differences among participants on any given variable.

67
Q

What is variance?

A

Summary statistic that indicates the degree of variability among participants.

68
Q

What is x-axis?

A

The horizontal axis in a graph.

69
Q

What is a y axis?

A

The vertical axis in a graph.

70
Q

What is a z score?

A

A standard score.

PSY200 (49 decks)

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