Chapter 9 Practice Questions

Question 1

How can preparation of the research setting improve internal validity?

Answer 1

Careful prepartion of the setting can reduce the presence of confounding variables and thus increasing internal validity.

Question 2

What characteristics should a research manipulate possess?

Answer 2

All measures used in research should be both reliable and valid.

Question 3

What is exact replication?

Answer 3

Repeating the study exactly as it was carried out originally.

Question 4

What is systematic replication?

Answer 4

Testing a theoretical or procedural modification of the original procedure that will produce desired reslts only of the original findings were accurate.

Question 5

What is conceptual replication?

Answer 5

Generating and testing different research hypotheses from the same problem.

Question 6

What are blind procedures?

Answer 6

Blind procedures keep the participants and researchers unaware of to what condition each participant is assigned.

Question 7

What is automation?

Answer 7

Automation standardises instructions and/or data collection, thus decreasing opprtunities for experimenter effects.

Question 8

What is objective measurement?

Answer 8

Objective measurement takes the subjective component out of measurement.

Question 9

What do multiple observers allow?

Answer 9

Multiple obseres allow an assessment of the reliability of these measures.

Question 10

What does deception allow?

Answer 10

Deception prevents participants from seeing the purpose of the study and thus reduces ptential subject effects.

Question 11

What should researchers do to the research setting to maximise external validity?

Answer 11

External validity can be enehanced by making the laboratory situation as natural as possible.

Question 12

How do single blind and double blind procedures differ?

Answer 12

The researcher is blind to the group assignment, whereas in the double blind procedure, both the researcher and the particpants are blind to group assignment.

Question 13

How is deception used for control?

Answer 13

Deception reduces subject effects by preventing participants from recognising what is being studied.

Question 14

What ethical issues does deception raise?

Answer 14

Deception is considered to automatically place participants at risk.

Question 15

What is the general population?

Answer 15

The general population is the large group of all persons.

Question 16

What is the accessible population?

Answer 16

The accessible population is the population available to the researcher.

Question 17

What is the target population?

Answer 17

Target population is the subset in which the researcher is ultimately interested.

Question 18

What is sample?

Answer 18

The sample is a group drawn from the accessible population.

Question 19

Why is it important that we draw sample carefully from a population?

Answer 19

Unless samples are drawn carefully, they are unlikely to be representative of the population and reducing generalisabiluty.

Question 20

What does random sampling involve?

Answer 20

Random sampling involves drawing a sample so that every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.

Question 21

What does stratified random sampling?

Answer 21

Stratified random sampling involves drawing seperate random samples from each of several subpopulations.

Question 22

What are ad hoc samples?

Answer 22

Ad hoc samples are drawn from accessible populations.

Question 23

What does matching participants control?

Answer 23

Matching controls for individual differences.

Question 24

What does unbiased assignment of participants to groups accomplish?

Answer 24

Unbiased assignment to groups makes it unlikely that the groups will differ on any variables other than the indepdent variable.

Question 25

What are some limitations of debriefing?

Answer 25

Even when properly used, debriefing might not be sufficient to correct the distress of some participants upon learning they had been deceived.

Question 26

What safeguards should you employ if deception is used in research?

Answer 26

This is to avoid any procedure that may cause physical or emotional harm and use a debriefing to explain the procedure and to remove any misconceptions that might upset the participants.