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PSY200 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the major task in measurement?

A

It is to represent the research values numerically.

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2
Q

What is the measurement for each person in research?

A

It is the data which is to be analysed and reported.

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3
Q

In assigning numbers to a variable, what do we work with?

A

1) The abstract number system:

2) The variable that we wish to measure

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4
Q

What does the abstract number system involve?

A

This includes identity, magnitude, equal intervals and true zero.

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5
Q

Why is accurate measurement critical?

A

Accurate measurement is critical as an elementary mistake can invalidate a whole research project.

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6
Q

What is the property of a nominal level of measurement?

A

Identity

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7
Q

What is the property of an ordinal level of measurement?

A

Identity, magnitude

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8
Q

What is the property of a interval level of measurement?

A

Identuty, magnitude, equal intervals

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9
Q

What are the properties of a ratio level of measurement?

A

Identity, magnitude, equal intervals, true zero point

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10
Q

What are the mathematical operations at a nominal level of measurement?

A

None

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11
Q

What are the mathematical operations at the ordinal level of measurement?

A

Rank order

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12
Q

What are the mathematical operations at an interval level of measurement?

A

Add/subtract

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13
Q

What are the mathematical operations at an ratio level of measurement?

A

add, subtract, divide, multiply

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14
Q

What type of data is obtained at a nominal level of measurement?

A

Nominal

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15
Q

What type of data is obtained at a ordinal level of measurement?

A

Ordered

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16
Q

What type of data is obtained at a interval and ratio level of measurement?

A

Score

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17
Q

What are the lowest scale of measurement?

A

Nominal scale

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18
Q

Do nominal scales match the number scale well?

A

No

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19
Q

What are niominal scales?

A

They are naming scales

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20
Q

What are exampoles of nominal scales?

A

Brand name choice or political affliation

21
Q

What is the difference between categories in a nominal scale?

A

The differences are qualitative not quantitative.

22
Q

With a nominal scale, can we assign numbers to different categories?

A

Yes

23
Q

Do nominal scales have no zero point?

A

No

24
Q

Can nominal scales be ordered from low to high?

A

No

25
Q

We a nominal scale can we make assumptions about equal units of measurement for a nominal scale?

A

No

26
Q

What properties do ordinal scales have?

A

They have the property of magnitude as well as identity.

27
Q

What do ordinal scales do?

A

They measure a variable in order of magnitude, which larger numbers reprepresening more of the variable than smaller numbers.

28
Q

What is interval scaling?

A

When the measurements convey information about the both the order and the distance between values, we have interval scaling.

29
Q

Do interval scales have the properties of ordinal scales?

A

Yes, they also have equal intervals between consecutive values on the scale.

30
Q

What scale provides the highest level of measurement?

A

Ratio scales

31
Q

What is the ideal scale for measurement?

A

Ratio scales

32
Q

Do ratio scales have a true zero point?

A

Yes

33
Q

What scale provides the best match to the number system?

A

Ratio scales

34
Q

What does a measurement error do?

A

Measurement error distorts the sources so that the observations do not accurately reflect reality.

35
Q

What is one type of measurement error?

A

Response set bias

36
Q

What is response set bias?

A

Response set bias is the tendency to respond in specific ways regardless of the situation or your experiences.

37
Q

What is an example of response set bias?

A

Social desirability

38
Q

What is social desirabiliy?

A

Social desirability is the tendency to respond in a socially acceptable manner.

39
Q

What is the best way to minimise measurement error?

A

The best way to accomplish this is by developing a well thought out operational definition of the measurement procedure and by deligently using the operational definition in research.

40
Q

What are operational definitions?

A

Operational definitions is a definition of variables of a variable in terms of the procedures used to measure and/or manipulate it.

41
Q

What is interrater reliability?

A

This refers to that if a measure involves behaviour ratings made by observers there should be at least two independent observers to rate the same sample of behaviour. They should be blind to the other people’s ratings.
Test Retest Reliability

42
Q

What is test retest reliability?

A

This means that variables that remain stable over time should produce similar scores if we test participants at two different times.

43
Q

When is internal consistent reliability used?

A

It is used when several observations are made to obain the scores for each participant.

44
Q

What does an internally consistent scale do?

A

An internally consistient scale measure one construct with several independent observations.

45
Q

What 3 facts contribute to reliability?

A

1) The precision and clarity of the operational definition of the construct
2) The care with which the researcher follows the operational definition
3) The number of independent observations on which the score is based.

46
Q

What is an effective range?

A

Most measures or procedures lack the range to include all participants.

47
Q

What are scale attentuntion effects?

A

Scale attentuntion effects is a related problems which refers to restricted range of the scale which cane results in partciipants being at either end of the scale.

48
Q

What do scale attenuition affects do?

A

Scale attenuation effectsrestrict the range of possible scores for participants’ responses therefore reducing the variability of the data.

49
Q

What is used to quanitify the degree of validity?

A

A correlation coeffecient

PSY200 (49 decks)

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