Chapter 1

Question 1

What is psychology?

Answer 1

Psychology is the scientific study of behaviour.

Question 2

How does science create knowledge?

Answer 2

Science uses systematic observation and rational processes to create new knowledge.

Question 3

How do scienticists seek knowledge?

Answer 3

Scienticists seek knowledge through a refined process of questioning.

Question 4

What is scientific research?

Answer 4

Scientific research is a process of creating specific questions and then systematically finding answers. Scientific is a process of inquiry.

Question 5

What does the process of inquiry generate?

Answer 5

The process of inquiry generates useful tools and products.

Question 6

Do scientists thrive on new knowledge?

Answer 6

Yes

Question 7

What do scientists study with a prepared mind?

Answer 7

Yes

Question 8

How does scienticists make new discoveries?

Answer 8

Through active curiousity not luck.

Question 9

What demands to tenaticity, intuition and authority make on the adequacy of information and the processes used to evaluate information?

Answer 9

Few

Question 10

What is tenacity?

Answer 10

Tenacity is a willingness to accept ideas as valid knowledge despite contrary evidence and/or a lack of supporting evidence.

Question 11

How does tenacity often exist?

Answer 11

Ideas have long been accepted and often repeated that may acquire an aura of unquestioned truth

Question 12

What is intuition?

Answer 12

Intuition is the direct acquisition of knowledge without intellectual effort or sensory processing.

Question 13

What is authority?

Answer 13

Authority is the acceptance of ideas as valid knowledge, because a respected source says they are valid.

Question 14

What is rationalism?

Answer 14

Rationalism is a way of acquiring knowledge through reasoning.

Question 15

What is the process of rationalism?

Answer 15

Existing information is carefully stated and logical rules are followed to arrive at acceptable conclusions.

Question 16

What is logic?

Answer 16

Logic is systematic rules that allow us to draw accurate conclusions from a basic set of facts or statements.

Question 17

What are the strengths of rationalism?

Answer 17

Rationalism strengths are analysis of proposition or theories.

Question 18

What are the weaknesses of rationalism?

Answer 18

Its weakness lies in its application to external events.

Question 19

What does the accuracy of conclusions?

Answer 19

The accuracy of conclusions depends on the reasoning process and the accuracy of the premises.

Question 20

What is empircism?

Answer 20

Empiricism involves gaining knowledge through observation. There are two types of this:

1) Naïve empiricism: I wpn’t believe it until I see it
2) Sophsiticated empiricism: We can view something through its affects on other objects-like thermometers.

Question 21

What are the two types of empiricism?

Answer 21

Naive empiricism and sophiticated empiricism.

Question 22

Are empirical observations critical in science?

Answer 22

Yes, however others to know how facts go together or what they mean.

Question 23

What elements does science bring together?

Answer 23

Science brings together rationalism, empiricism, employing rational logic and checking each step with empirical observation.

Question 24

What does science usually start with?

Answer 24

Observation and description, in which they identify and observe phenomena and carefully record there details

Question 25

What is prediction?

Answer 25

It involves finding relationships that are dependable enough that we can make an educated guess about what will happen to one factor by knowing what happens to another.

Question 26

What is causation?

Answer 26

It is a step behind prediction. It allows us to make something happening as we know what will cause a change in a phenomena.

Question 27

What is explanation?

Answer 27

It takes us to the next step of understanding how certain factors can change other factors.

Question 28

What is application?

Answer 28

involves using our new knowledge to solve real-world problems.

Question 29

What two schools dominated the early psychology?

Answer 29

Structuralism and functionalism

Question 30

Who established the first psychological laboratory in Germany?

Answer 30

Wihelm Wundt

Question 31

What did Wilhem Wundt study?

Answer 31

HE studied the structure of consciousness.

Question 32

What was structuralism's primary method?

Answer 32

Introspection.

Question 33

What is introspection?

Answer 33

Introspection is asking participants to report on their mental experiences as they performed various tasks.

Question 34

When did the shift from structuralism to functionalism occur?

Answer 34

By the turn of the 20th century.Functionalism is the function of the mind.

Question 35

What is functionalism about?

Answer 35

Functionalism is about the function of the mind.

Question 36

What questions were functionalists interested in?

Answer 36

Functionalists were interested in practical questions of education, training, treatment and child rearing.

Question 37

What is psychodynamic theory?

Answer 37

Psychodynamic theory view behaviour as a function of complex and often contradictory internal influences.

Question 38

According to the psychodynamic theory what are many mental proceses?

Answer 38

Unconscious and thus not within the awareness of people.

Question 39

Who developed the psychodynamic theory?

Answer 39

Sigmund Freud.

Question 40

Did Darwin's evolutionary theory influence Freud's ideas?

Answer 40

Yes

Question 41

Which of Freud's ideas were influenced by Darwin's evolutionary theory?

Answer 41

He influenced Freud’s ideas including his work on the unconscious processes, the importance of dream, the child-to-adulthood continuity of emotional behaviour and sex as a basic human biological drive.

Question 42

When and where did Gestalt psychology originate?

Answer 42

Gestalt psychology originated in Germany about 1912.

Question 43

What did founders of Gestalt psychology believe?

Answer 43

Its founders believed that structuralists efforts to divide consciousness lost sight of the wholeness of experience.

Question 44

What did behaviourism criticse psychology for?

Answer 44

Behavourism criticised psychology as too mentalistic and subjective.

Question 45

What concepts in psychology did Watson critcise?

Answer 45

Watson criticised mentalistic concepts like mind and consciousness as meaningless non scientific carry overs.

Question 46

What did Watson argue for?

Answer 46

Watson argued for replacing the psychology of consciousness with an objective psychology of observed behaviour.

Question 47

When did humanistic psychology?

Answer 47

Humanistic Psychology emerged in the mid-twentifith century and was briefly influential.

Question 48

What did humanistic psychology focus on?

Answer 48

Humanistic psychology focused on human conscious experience, creativity and personal growth and a natural tendency towards self actualisation.

Question 49

What is self actualisation?

Answer 49

Self actualisation is the full expression of the human potential.

Question 50

What is cognitive psychology?

Answer 50

Cognitive psychology is the study of perception, memory and learning.

Question 51

What did cognitive psychology grow from?

Answer 51

It grew from early work on perceptual processes and verbal learning.

Question 52

What borders does modern cognitive psychology cross?

Answer 52

Modern cognitive psychology crosses into the broader discipline known as cognitive science.

Question 53

What is the ethical personal responsibility that researchers have?

Answer 53

That personal responsibility involves protecting those who participate in research and conduct and report research accurately and honestly.