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PSY200 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is psychology?

A

Psychology is the scientific study of behaviour.

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2
Q

How does science create knowledge?

A

Science uses systematic observation and rational processes to create new knowledge.

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3
Q

How do scienticists seek knowledge?

A

Scienticists seek knowledge through a refined process of questioning.

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4
Q

What is scientific research?

A

Scientific research is a process of creating specific questions and then systematically finding answers. Scientific is a process of inquiry.

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5
Q

What does the process of inquiry generate?

A

The process of inquiry generates useful tools and products.

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6
Q

Do scientists thrive on new knowledge?

A

Yes

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7
Q

What do scientists study with a prepared mind?

A

Yes

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8
Q

How does scienticists make new discoveries?

A

Through active curiousity not luck.

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9
Q

What demands to tenaticity, intuition and authority make on the adequacy of information and the processes used to evaluate information?

A

Few

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10
Q

What is tenacity?

A

Tenacity is a willingness to accept ideas as valid knowledge despite contrary evidence and/or a lack of supporting evidence.

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11
Q

How does tenacity often exist?

A

Ideas have long been accepted and often repeated that may acquire an aura of unquestioned truth

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12
Q

What is intuition?

A

Intuition is the direct acquisition of knowledge without intellectual effort or sensory processing.

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13
Q

What is authority?

A

Authority is the acceptance of ideas as valid knowledge, because a respected source says they are valid.

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14
Q

What is rationalism?

A

Rationalism is a way of acquiring knowledge through reasoning.

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15
Q

What is the process of rationalism?

A

Existing information is carefully stated and logical rules are followed to arrive at acceptable conclusions.

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16
Q

What is logic?

A

Logic is systematic rules that allow us to draw accurate conclusions from a basic set of facts or statements.

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17
Q

What are the strengths of rationalism?

A

Rationalism strengths are analysis of proposition or theories.

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18
Q

What are the weaknesses of rationalism?

A

Its weakness lies in its application to external events.

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19
Q

What does the accuracy of conclusions?

A

The accuracy of conclusions depends on the reasoning process and the accuracy of the premises.

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20
Q

What is empircism?

A

Empiricism involves gaining knowledge through observation. There are two types of this:

1) Naïve empiricism: I wpn’t believe it until I see it
2) Sophsiticated empiricism: We can view something through its affects on other objects-like thermometers.

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21
Q

What are the two types of empiricism?

A

Naive empiricism and sophiticated empiricism.

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22
Q

Are empirical observations critical in science?

A

Yes, however others to know how facts go together or what they mean.

23
Q

What elements does science bring together?

A

Science brings together rationalism, empiricism, employing rational logic and checking each step with empirical observation.

24
Q

What does science usually start with?

A

Observation and description, in which they identify and observe phenomena and carefully record there details

25
Q

What is prediction?

A

It involves finding relationships that are dependable enough that we can make an educated guess about what will happen to one factor by knowing what happens to another.

26
Q

What is causation?

A

It is a step behind prediction. It allows us to make something happening as we know what will cause a change in a phenomena.

27
Q

What is explanation?

A

It takes us to the next step of understanding how certain factors can change other factors.

28
Q

What is application?

A

involves using our new knowledge to solve real-world problems.

29
Q

What two schools dominated the early psychology?

A

Structuralism and functionalism

30
Q

Who established the first psychological laboratory in Germany?

A

Wihelm Wundt

31
Q

What did Wilhem Wundt study?

A

HE studied the structure of consciousness.

32
Q

What was structuralism’s primary method?

A

Introspection.

33
Q

What is introspection?

A

Introspection is asking participants to report on their mental experiences as they performed various tasks.

34
Q

When did the shift from structuralism to functionalism occur?

A

By the turn of the 20th century.Functionalism is the function of the mind.

35
Q

What is functionalism about?

A

Functionalism is about the function of the mind.

36
Q

What questions were functionalists interested in?

A

Functionalists were interested in practical questions of education, training, treatment and child rearing.

37
Q

What is psychodynamic theory?

A

Psychodynamic theory view behaviour as a function of complex and often contradictory internal influences.

38
Q

According to the psychodynamic theory what are many mental proceses?

A

Unconscious and thus not within the awareness of people.

39
Q

Who developed the psychodynamic theory?

A

Sigmund Freud.

40
Q

Did Darwin’s evolutionary theory influence Freud’s ideas?

A

Yes

41
Q

Which of Freud’s ideas were influenced by Darwin’s evolutionary theory?

A

He influenced Freud’s ideas including his work on the unconscious processes, the importance of dream, the child-to-adulthood continuity of emotional behaviour and sex as a basic human biological drive.

42
Q

When and where did Gestalt psychology originate?

A

Gestalt psychology originated in Germany about 1912.

43
Q

What did founders of Gestalt psychology believe?

A

Its founders believed that structuralists efforts to divide consciousness lost sight of the wholeness of experience.

44
Q

What did behaviourism criticse psychology for?

A

Behavourism criticised psychology as too mentalistic and subjective.

45
Q

What concepts in psychology did Watson critcise?

A

Watson criticised mentalistic concepts like mind and consciousness as meaningless non scientific carry overs.

46
Q

What did Watson argue for?

A

Watson argued for replacing the psychology of consciousness with an objective psychology of observed behaviour.

47
Q

When did humanistic psychology?

A

Humanistic Psychology emerged in the mid-twentifith century and was briefly influential.

48
Q

What did humanistic psychology focus on?

A

Humanistic psychology focused on human conscious experience, creativity and personal growth and a natural tendency towards self actualisation.

49
Q

What is self actualisation?

A

Self actualisation is the full expression of the human potential.

50
Q

What is cognitive psychology?

A

Cognitive psychology is the study of perception, memory and learning.

51
Q

What did cognitive psychology grow from?

A

It grew from early work on perceptual processes and verbal learning.

52
Q

What borders does modern cognitive psychology cross?

A

Modern cognitive psychology crosses into the broader discipline known as cognitive science.

53
Q

What is the ethical personal responsibility that researchers have?

A

That personal responsibility involves protecting those who participate in research and conduct and report research accurately and honestly.

PSY200 (49 decks)

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