Lb 2 Exm Flashcards
Forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes, vitamin D, and houses cutaneous receptors (pain and pressure) and sweat and oil glands.
Integumentary system
Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework of the muscles used to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bone stores minerals.
Skeletal system
Allows manipulation of the environment, local motion, and facial expression. Maintains posture and produces heat.
Muscular system
As the fast acting control, system of the body, in response to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.
Nervous system
Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes, such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells
Endocrine system
Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.
Cardiovascular system
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns at to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. House is white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body
Lymphatic system/immunity
Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchange occur through the walls of the air sacks of the lungs.
Respiratory system
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to the body cells. Indigestible food stuffs are eliminated as feces.
Digestive system
Eliminates nitrogenates waste from the body. Regulates, water, electrolyte, and acid base balance of the blood.
Urinary system
Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract
Male reproductive system
Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures trim as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breast produce milk to nourish the newborn
Female reproductive system
Layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep
stratum corneum, stratum lucidum (found only in thick skin), stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum (largest), stratum basale.
Most common cells in epidermis are
Keratinocytes
Dendritic cells
Immunity
Melanocytes
Melanin
Touch receptors
Merkel cells, tactile cells, or tactile discs
Deepest layer composed of single layer of cells, actively dividing keratinocytes plus Merkel cells and melanocytes scattered throughout. Undergoing mitosis
Stratum basale
several layers of keratinocytes with cytoplasm shrinking. Largest layer
Stratum spinosum
3-5 layers, nulcei and organelles degenerate as cells begin to die, keratin accumulates in cytoplasm. Very dark
Stratum granulosum
only in THICK SKIN, 2-5 layers
of dead cells, appears CLEAR
Stratum lucidum
dead cells that slough off
Stratum corneum
Layers of the dermis
Papillary layer-20%, reticular layer- 80%
Which layer in the dermis is made of loose areolar connective tissue?
Papillary layer
Which layer in the dermis is made of dense irregular connective tissue?
Reticular layer
What is responsible for fingerprints
Dermal papillae in papillary layer
Where are sweat and sebaceous glands, hair follicles, Pacinian Corpuscles located?
Reticular layer of the dermis
contracts (piloerection/goosebumps) due to cold, stress, emotional response. Attaches to hair shaft to the epidermis
Arrector pili muscle
associated with hair follicle, active at puberty in axillary, anal, and genital areas. Attach on hair follicles
Apocrine sweat gland
cover most surfaces of the body, temperature regulation. Located throughout the body. Not attached to hair folicle, and goes up into the epidermis
Eccrine sweat glands
sweat glands of the ear, produce cerum (ear wax), lubricate tympanic membrane
Ceruminous glands
associated with hair follicles, secrete sebum (oil). Attached to hair follicle. On the scalp.
Sebaceous glands
Diaphysis
The central shaft of the long bone
Medullary cavity
Located in the center of the diaphysis. Contains yellow and red bone marrow (was all red at birth).
Endosteum
connective tissue layer lining medullary
cavity
Epiphysis
Ends of the long bones that are covered in hyaline articular cartilage
Periosteum
thick fibrous covering on the
surface, lots of blood vessels
1st degree burn
Just penetrating the epidermis
2nd degree burn
Blisters, in the dermis
3rd degree burn
Penetrates the hypodermis, turns black
Mature bone cells that originated from osteoblasts
Osteocytes
immature bone cells that deposit organic matrix (become trapped in lacunae in the process)
Osteoblasts
open space holding osteocytes
Lacunae
tightly packed cylindrical structures in the bone
Osteon
Concentric rings made of matrix around a central Haversian canal (osteon)
Lamellae
central canal with blood vessels and nerves
Haversian canal
Tiny canals that connect lacunae, allows nutrients & O2 distribution
Canaliculi
connect Haversian canals perpendicularly
Volkmann’s (perforating) canals
Build bone, endosteum
Osteoblasts
release lysosomal enzymes and acids to digest bone are release Ca2+ and Phosphorous -> called bone resorption. (Remodel bones and cause them to release calcium; bone resorption). Chew bone and spit it up
Osteoclast
Bone stem cells that can turn into any type of cell
Osteogenic cells
Spongy bone
No OSTEONS! Osteocytes located in branched trabeculae. Osteocytes still in lacunae and interconnected via canaliculi. Lamellae also still present
Cervical vertebral bones
(C1-C7) Has holes
C1
Atlas. Facet for dens of axis. Very flat, atlas, holds the world. On top of vertebrate
C2
Axis. Has dens ( a bump)
Thoracic
(T 1 – T 12) Looks like a giraffe. Long sharp spinous process.
Lumbar
(L 1 – L5) Thick body and short spinous process. Looks like a moose/thicker. 
Sacral
Five fused vertebra sacrum( butt area)
Coccyx
Two little bones on bottom (tail bones) underneath the sacral
The parts of the sternum from superior to inferior
Manubrium (top), body (middle), xyphoid process (bottom)
True ribs
1-7
False ribs
8-12
Floating ribs
11&12
