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Anatomy And Phys 1 > Exm 3 (ch 10) > Flashcards

Exm 3 (ch 10) Flashcards

1
Q

The organization of muscles? Smallest to largest

A

Muscle filaments -> myofibrils -
> muscle fibers -> fascicle ->
muscle organ

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2
Q

Fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle organ

A

Epimysium

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3
Q

Connective tissue that surrounds a fascicle (group of muscle fibers)

A

Perimysium

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4
Q

Connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber

A

Endomysium

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5
Q

What is responsible for contraction?

A

Sarcomere

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6
Q

Invagination of sarcoplasm that carry action potential, stimulating the muscle to contract

A

T Tubules

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7
Q

Is a membrane sac that wraps around each myofibril. Calcium is released here. 

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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8
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum on both sides of the T tubule

A

Terminal cisterns

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9
Q

Cells between the Endomysium and muscle fiber. provides extra nutrients. Their function is to repair damaged muscles. 

A

Satellite cells

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10
Q

Connective tissue that extends beyond the muscle and attaches muscle to bone (epimysium)

A

Tendons

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11
Q

Broad and flat tendons are called

A

Aponeurosis

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12
Q

Each muscle fiber is made of myofibrils that have

A

Myofilaments (myosin and actin)

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13
Q

Gives muscle fiber its elasticity. (The squiggly line connected to myosin in a sarcomere)

A

Titin

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14
Q

Lighter, less dense area of sarcomere that contains remainder of thin filaments, but no thick, filaments. A Z disc passes through the center of each. Only thin filaments.

A

I band

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15
Q

Dark, middle part of sarcomere that extends entire length of thick filaments, and includes those parts of thin filaments that overlap the thick filaments. Extends the entire length of thick filaments, even where there is no overlap. 

A

A band

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16
Q

Narrow region in center of each A band that contains thick filaments, but no thin filaments 

A

H band

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17
Q

Narrow, plate shaped regions of dense material that separate one sarcomere from the next 

A

Z discs

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18
Q

Has the filament attachments with no cross bridges

A

M line

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19
Q

Which two change as muscle contracts

A

I and H band

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20
Q

Muscle proteins. Contractile:

A

Myosin and actin

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21
Q

Muscle proteins. Regulatory:

A

Troponin and tropomyosin

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22
Q

Muscle proteins. Structural:

A

Titin

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23
Q

When calcium is released from ____ it binds specifically to_____.

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum. Troponin.

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24
Q

Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum -> binds troponin ->troponin/tropomyosin complex exposes actin binding sites -> myosin attaches -> head bends

A

Powerstroke

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25
Q

Cross-bridge can’t detach since
ATP synthesis has ceased. Calcium leaks out of sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Rigor mortis

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26
Q

All fibers stimulated by a single motor neuron 

A

Motor unit

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27
Q

What controls the strength of the contraction? 

A

Motor neurons

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28
Q

Axons from these motor fibers secrete what

A

Acetylcholine

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29
Q

When you stimulate a motor neuron it is a what kind of response 

A

An all or nothing response

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30
Q

pulls remaining acetylcholine out of the synapse at the
NMJ – depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane stops which causes the
sarcoplasmic reticulum to stop releasing calcium

A

Acetylcholinesterase

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31
Q

______ in sarcoplasmic reticulum binds calcium and allows for even
more Ca2+ storage. A conditional component of sarcoplasmic reticulum. Activated by Ca2+-ATPase. A way to stop contraction

A

Calsequestrin

32
Q

Troponin/tropomyosin falls back over the binding sites from what?

A

The lack of Ca2+

33
Q

________:enlargement of existing muscle fibers. Due to increased production of myofibrils, mitochondria, sarcoplasmic reticulum and other organelles

A

Muscular hypertrophy

34
Q

______: increase in the number of fibers due to satellite cells, growing slow and helping build muscle 

A

Muscular hyperplasia 

35
Q

______: decrease in size of muscle fibers due to loss of myofibrils. Occurs as a result of aging or disuse. Lack of exercise can cause ~flaccid~ muscle that gets flabby and soft – call it ~atrophied~

A

Muscle atrophy

36
Q

Muscles have 3 ways to produce ATP:

A

Creatine phosphate, anaerobic glycolysis, aerobic respiration 

37
Q

rapid use but runs out quickly

A

Creatine phosphate

38
Q

not very effective long-term

A

Anaerobic glycolysis

39
Q

longer to make but most effective

A

Aerobic respiration

40
Q

Creatine phosphate. Need energy:

A

creatine phosphate donates
phosphate to ADP making ATP and creatine

41
Q

At rest: phosphate attached
to creatine

A

Creatine phosphate

42
Q

Duration of energy provided for creatine phosphate 

A

15 seconds

43
Q

When creatine phosphate stores are depleted, glucose is converted into pyruvic acid to generate ATP via

A

Anaerobic glycolysis

44
Q

Producing 2 ATP for every glucose that you feed into this cycle

A

Anaerobic glycolysis 

45
Q

Duration of energy provided for anaerobic glycolysis

A

2 minutes

46
Q

Under aerobic conditions, pyruvic acid can enter the mitochondria and undergo a series of oxygen-requiring reactions to generate large amounts of A T P

A

Aerobic respiration

47
Q

Our main source of energy

A

Aerobic respiration

48
Q

Our main source of energy

A

Aerobic respiration

49
Q

Duration of energy provided for aerobic respiration

A

Several minutes to hours

50
Q

Is the inability to maintain force of contraction after prolonged activity

A

Muscle fatigue

51
Q

occurs due to changes in the central nervous system and generally results in cessation of exercise

A

Central fatigue

52
Q

consists of a somatic motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates

A

A motor unit

53
Q

Activating only a few motor units will generally result in a

A

Weak muscle contraction

54
Q

Motor units contract alternatively, to sustain contractions for longer periods of time 

A

Motor unit recruitment

55
Q

The brief contraction of all muscle fibers in a motor unit in response to a single action potential

A

A single motor unit contraction 

56
Q

very short, the time period
between threshold stimulus and shortening of muscle. Right when muscle receives impulse

A

Latent period

57
Q

shortening of muscle

A

Contraction period

58
Q

returns to original length and
Ca2+ returns to sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Relaxation period

59
Q

after contraction when muscle
cannot immediately respond to threshold stimulus

A

Refractory period

60
Q

after one complete twitch muscle uses the same stimulus to make the contraction greater than the original

A

Treppe

61
Q

is what happens BEFORE completion of the relaxation period

A

Wave summation

62
Q

Even when at rest, a skeletal muscle exhibits a small amount of tension called_____ . It is established by the alternating, involuntary activation of small groups of motor units in a muscle

A

Tone

63
Q

tension is constant while muscle length changes

A

Isotonic

64
Q

(Isotonic) concentric

A

Muscle length shortens

65
Q

(Isotonic) eccentric

A

Muscle length lengthens (while lowering a weight). Sort of like relaxing or being overpowered. 

66
Q

muscle contracts but does not change length

A

Isometric

67
Q

Muscle fibers that bind O2, and don’t fatigue as fast

A

Myoglobin

68
Q

lots of myoglobin, red
• Marathon runners

A

Slow oxidative

69
Q

glycolytic fibers with lots of myoglobin, red
• 5K runners

A

Fast oxidative

70
Q

low myoglobin and white in color
• Sprinters or body builders

A

Fast glycolytic

71
Q

The site of aerobic respiration

A

Mitochondria

72
Q

centrally- located nucleus, intercalated discs , and desmosomes. Gap junctions allow action potentials to spread from one muscle fiber to another. Branched

A

Cardiac muscle

73
Q

muscle cells have more
mitochondria and their contractions
last 10-15 times longer than skeletal
muscle contractions

A

Cardiac

74
Q

muscle contractions start more slowly and last longer than the other 2. Stretchy. Dense bodies: scattered throughout cytoplasm and attach to sarcolemma, similar to Z discs. Myofilaments attach to dense bodies and pull when muscle contracts

A

Smooth muscle

75
Q

binds calcium NOT troponin
• Activates myosin light chain kinase -> phosphorylation of myosin head -> actin
attaches

A

Calmodulin

76
Q

Neuromuscular junction from beginning to end

A

action potentials trigger voltage gated calcium channels->exocytosis of acetylcholine->Na+ channels on the postsynaptic membrane open-> depolarization of the muscle -> calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Anatomy And Phys 1 (39 decks)

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