Exm 2 (ch 4) Flashcards
The four basic types of tissues
Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous
Cells can be held together in a number of ways. These points of contact between cells are called
Cell junctions
Where do you cell junctions most commonly occur
Epithelial tissues
Weblike strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse together the outer surfaces of adjacent cell plasma membranes. In areas like the stomach, intestinal, urinary bladder.
Tight junctions
Contains plaques (like a belt) attaching to both membrane proteins and microfilaments of cytoskeleton. Cadherins (belt buckle) joins the cells. Helps the cell resist separation. Not as tight, but is stable
Adhering junctions
Still plaques, but not attached to the microfilaments. Also have glycoprotein cadherins (belt buckle). Attached to the intermediate filaments instead (belt). Keep cells from pulling apart during construction. Found in epidermis and cardiac muscle cells.
Desmosomes
The difference between adhering junction and desmosomes
Adhering junctions are attached by microfilaments (actin) and desmosomes are attached by intermediate filaments (keratin).
Looks like half a desmosome. Have integrins instead of cadherins (buckle). Adhere to basement membrane via intermediate filaments (keratin). In a lot of epithelial tissues
Hemidesmosomes
Connexons connect the cells (buckle). Allow cells to share information in the form of neural or a muscular impulses. Cardiac cells and nerve cells. Wants ions to flow.
Gap junctions
mnemonic that is from tightest to loosest of cell junctions
Tamakis (tight junction) Ass (adhering junction) Does (desmosomes) Have (hemidesmosomes) Gas (gap junction)
Simple squamous epithelium location and function
Lines the lymphatic system, air sacs of lungs, and kidneys. Present outside of filtration (kidneys) or diffusion (lungs) and secretion in serious membranes
Simple cuboidal epithelium function and location
Secretion absorption. Lines kidney tubules, and small ducts in (thyroid gland).
Non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium location and function
Has microvilli at end of apical surface (little projections that absorb). Lines ducts of many glands and the gallbladder. Secretion and absorption. Mucus lubricates lining of digestive, respiratory and reproductive tracts.
Ciliated columnar epithelium function and location
Has cilia at the end of apical surface (Hair like substance that propel mucus). In bronchioles, uterine tubes, uterus, paranasal sinuses, central canal of spinal cord, ventricles of brain and respiratory tract. Move some mucus in foreign particles areas
Goblet cells are in which two tissues
Non-ciliated simple Columnar epithelium and ciliated Columnar epithelium (but more here)
Non-ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium Description, location, and function
Attached to the basement membrane in a single layer, some cells do not extend to the apical service. Lines epididymis, or male urethra. Absorption and secretion.
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium function, description, and location
All cells attached to the basement membrane in a single layer, but some do not extend the apical surface. Contains bear cilia . Upper respiratory tract. Secretes mucus that traps foreign particles, and cilia sweep away mucus for elimination from the body
The two types of stratified squamous epithelium and their function
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (contain keratin) and nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium (does not contain large amounts of keratin).
Protection, against abrasion, water trapped within body , UV radiation, and for an invasion
Keratinized stratified, squamous, epithelium location
Superficial layer of the skin
Nonkeratinized Stratified squamous epithelium 
Lines, wet surfaces (lining of the mouth, esophagus, part of epiglottis, part of pharynx and vagina)
Stratified cuboidal epithelium location and function
Has two or more layers of cells in apical layer are cube shaped. In sweat glands, esophageal glands, parts of male urethra. Protection, limited secretion absorption.
Stratified columnar epithelium function and location
Lines urethra, some glands. Protection and secretion
Urothelium/ Transitional epithelium
(Means not the same all the time) Blinds urinary bladder. Allows urinary organs to stretch and maintain protective, whining, while holding variable amounts of fluid without rupturing
Endocrine epithelial it releases chems into bloodstream. Exocrine glands enter ducts that empty onto the surface of a covering/lining
Glandular epithelium
Don’t lose cytoplasm, but produce secretion by exocytosis. Most endocrine glands. Mucus, salivary.
Merocrine glands
End of the cell pinches off. Mammary glands.
Apocrine glands
Whole cells of the gland disintegrate. Sebaceous glands were mature cell dies and cell division replaces it. Oil sebaceous glands of the skin
Holocrine glands
Strong and resist pulling or stretching but not stiff which allows for flexibility. Bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments. Thick and not stiff.
Collagen fibers
Strong, but can be stretched substantially without breaking, and can return to their original shape. Skin, blood vessels, lung tissue. Looks like a spring, stretchy.
Elastic fibers
Produced by fibroblast, thinner than collagen fibers, provide support and strength. Provides stroma (supporting framework) for many soft organs, such as spleen and lymph nodes.
Reticular fibers
Found in the basement membrane of epithelial tissue. Contains collagen, elastic , reticular fibers. Fibroblasts. Looks like a web
Loose areolar connective tissue
Are large flat cells that move through connective tissue and secrete fibers and ground substance
Fibroblasts
Are white blood cells that migrate to sides of parasitic infection and allergic responses
Eosinophils
Is the material between cells and fibers. It is made of water and organic molecules. It’s sports, sells and fibers, buying some together, and provides a medium for exchanging substances between blood and cells
Ground substance
Tendons and ligaments. Collagen. Are huge, compact, and strong
Dense regular ct
Surrounds bone or cartilage, also in deep layers of skin. Collagen.
Dense irregular ct
Chondrocytes are found in cartilage lacuna, surrounded by perichondrium. The most abundant cartilage in the body. At the end of long bones and the trachea. Find smooth surfaces for movement at joints, flexibility, and support, weakest type of cartilage and can be fractured
Supporting Connective Tissue: Hyaline Cartilage
Has chondrocytes among clearly visible thick bundles of collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers. Public symphysis, intervertebral discs. strongest type of cartilage.
Supporting Connective Tissue: Fibrous Cartilage
Has chondrocytes in a threadlike network of elastic fibers within extracellular matrix; perichondrium present. epiglottis, part of external ear (auricle). Provide strength and electricity, maintain shape of certain structure is. Strong, but stretchy
Supporting Connective Tissue: Elastic Cartilage
Function: Specialized for storing triglycerides/fat. Doesn’t get more but increases size. Adults have white fat and fetuses an infants have brown fat
Adipose tissue (is ct)
Located in stroma (supporting framework) of liver, spleen, lymph nodes, red, bone marrow, reticular lamina of basement membrane. Sift through surfaces. Very dark. Not as strong
Reticular connective tissue
Concentric rings of extracellular matrix that consist of mineral salts (calcium and phosphates)
Lamellae
Small spaces that contain bone cells called osteocytes, (houses chondrocytes in cartilage)
Lacunae
Canals that connect osteocytes in lacunae
Canaliculi
Inner bone that separates cavities
Trabeculae
Blood vessels and nerves that run through the center of concentric Lamellae rings
Haversian canals
Two types of membranes
- Epithelial membranes
o Mucous membranes: open to exterior
o Serous membranes: found in internal cavities
o Cutaneous membranes: skin, covers surface of the body - Synovial membranes- Where bones come together (joints)
Multinucleated, striated, and voluntary
Skeletal muscle
Desmosomes and gap junctions, striated and branched, involuntary. Not multinucleated
Cardiac muscle
nonstriated, small spindle-shaped cell thickest in the middle, single central nucleus, involuntary
Smooth muscle
Neural impulse that transmits electrical signals
Action potentials
