Exm 3 (ch 13) Flashcards
cerebrospinal fluid function and produced where
Produced in apendical cells, provides protection
The meninges are composed of three layers and surround the entire CNS:
Dura matter, arachnoid mater, pia mater
outer layer, thickest and toughest,
continuous with the epineurium
Dura mater
contains interstitial fluid (fluid between cells) within dura mater
Subdural space
fluid filled subarachnoid space
between here and the pia mater(fluid is cerebrospinal fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain)
Arachnoid mater
covers the spinal cord and is the innermost
layer
Pia mater
extension of the pia mater that fuses with arachnoid and inner surface of the dura mater on each side to help suspend the spinal cord and prevent movement
Denticulate ligament
blunt inferior end of the cord
Conus medullaris
nerves in vertebral canal inferior to
the conus medullaris
Cauda equina
extension of the pia mater that
forms a fibrous attachment to the coccyx
Filum terminal
nerves of the arms
Cervical enlargement
nerves of the legs
Lumbar enlargement
CT surrounds the entire nerve
Epuneurium
CT surrounds
bundles of nerve
fascicles(axons)
Perineurium
individual
nerve fibers (individual
axons)
Endoneurium
How does information travel in the spinal cord?
• White matter tracts conduct nerve impulses to and from the brain
• Gray matter receives and integrates incoming and outgoing
information to perform spinal reflexes.
groove of the spinal cord on the
anterior side (ventral aspect)
Anterior median fissure
dorsal surface of the spinal cord
Posterior median sulcus
Outer spinal cord is myelinated ascending and descending
white matter axons
• Bundles of fibers form columns of funiculi
Notes
The inner spinal cord is made up of grey matter
Cell bodies of nuerons
has cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) and is
continuous with the fourth ventricle of the medulla
oblangata in the brain
Central canal
Posterior grey horns contain axons of incoming sensory
neurons as well as cell bodies of interneurons
Notes
Anterior grey horns contain somatic motor nuclei which
are clusters of cell bodies of somatic motor neurons that
provide nerve impulses
N
One neuron carries impulses from
sensory receptors to the CNS
Posterior root
Another neuron carries the
impulse from the CNS to the effector
Anterior root
Some tracts send things to the brain and somethings away to the body 
Ascending and descending tractss
Ascending a descending tracts come from what mater
White
So above the dura mater of the
spinal cord at the region of the
____ above the dura
mater of the spinal cord usually
between the L3 and L4 vertebrae
Epidural space
Sensory and motor
Mixed nerves, which exits intervertebral canals
one synapse between a
motor neuron and a sensory neuron
• All ipsilateral
Monosynaptic
more than one synapse
• Contains a sensory neuron, an interneuron
entirely within the CNS, and a motor neuron
Polysynaptic
same side
Ipsilateral
opposite side
Contralateral
neural circuit
simultaneously contracts one muscle and
relaxes its antagonists
Reciprocal innervation
no function from neck down
C1 to C3
allows breathing due to the diaphragm
C4-C5
some arm and chest muscle control
C6-C7
intact arm function
T1-T3
most thigh muscles and can walk with
long leg braces
T10-L1
most other leg muscles and allows for
walking with short leg braces
L1-L2
