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Y3R7 - (Community) 🧑‍🧑‍🧒‍🧒 > L9: Neonatal Tetanus & Diphtheria > Flashcards

L9: Neonatal Tetanus & Diphtheria Flashcards

1
Q

Neonatal Tetanus (NT) has been among the most common life-threatening consequences of …..

A
  • unclean deliveries
  • umbilical cord care practices.
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2
Q

Mortality Rate of Neonatal Tetanus

A

Mortality rates are extremely high > 80% especially when appropriate medical care is not available (low income countries)

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3
Q

International Epidemeology of Neonatal Tetanus

A
  • Recently between 2000 & 2015, 36 countries eliminated the disease.
  • It is very rare in developed countries now.
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4
Q

National Epidemeology of Neonatal Tetanus

A
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5
Q

Epidemic Threshold of Neonatal Tetanus

A

one case / 1000 live births at the level of health directorate

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6
Q

Suspected Case of Neonatal Tetanus

A
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7
Q

Probable Case of Neonatal Tetanus

A

None

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8
Q

Confirmed Case of Neonatal Tetanus

A

is a Suspected case with tetanus clinical manifestations

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9
Q

causative agent of Neonatal Tetanus

A

Clostridium Tetani

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10
Q

Cause of Infection bty Neonatal Tetanus

A

Infection results from umbilical cord contamination
during unsanitary delivery, especially those babies with a lack of maternal immunization.

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11
Q

Reservoir of Neonatal Tetanus

A

Human and Animal

(The spores are in the intestines and feces of horses, sheep, cattle, dogs, cats, rats, guinea pigs, and chickens).

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12
Q

MOT of Neonatal Tetanus

A
  • This typically happens when the umbilical cord is cut using unsterile instruments (contaminated with spores) —> tetanus enters the body through unhealed umbilical stump where the spores change to vegetative bacteria and secrete toxins
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13
Q

IP of Neonatal Tetanus

A

from 3 to 28 days (7 days)

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14
Q

Infectivity Period of Neonatal Tetanus

A

no direct person to person transmission

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15
Q

Susceptibility of Neonatal Tetanus

A

More among neonates of non-vaccinated mothers.

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16
Q

Tetanus is a disease best prevented rather than cured

A

..

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17
Q

General Prevention of Neonatal Tetanus

A

❶ Health education: for mothers, female relatives and companions regarding safe umbilical cord hygiene for newborns.

❷ Improving maternal health services: to Increase the proportion of deliveries under medical supervision (doctors - nurses – midwives - coaches)

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18
Q

Specific Prevention of Neonatal Tetanus

A

Immunization is the only effective prevention of tetanus. Tetanus toxoid (TT) is given as follows:

  • Never immunized Before Pregnant females
  • Those pregnant females (who were vaccinated when they were children with
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19
Q

Vx for Neonatal Tetanus

A
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20
Q

Case Control Measures in Neonatal Tetanus

A
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21
Q

Notification for Neonatal Tetanus

A
  • immediate notification of suspected cases to higher levels
  • monthly zero reporting from all reporting sites nationwide upwards
22
Q

TTT of Neonatal Tetanus

A
  • NT is a medical emergency requiring hospitalization, immediate treatment (serotherapy) with human tetanus immune globulin (TIG)
  • antibiotics according to treating physician(better prognosis ICU is needed)
23
Q

Contact Control in Neonatal Tetanus

24
Q

Epidemeic Measuers in Neonatal Tetanus

A

no epidemics occur

25
Q

Interantional Measures in Neonatal Tetanus

26
Q

Before the introduction of vaccines, diphtheria was a leading cause of childhood death around the world.

27
Q

International Epidemeology of Diphtheria

A

From 1980 to 1998, the US reported <4 cases/year .
A large pandemic in Russia from 1990-1997 caused 5000 deaths .

28
Q

National Epi of Diphtheria

A

In Egypt, no cases of diphtheria since 1998

29
Q

Epidemic Threshold of Diphtheria

30
Q

Suspected Case of Diphtheria

A

Not present

31
Q

Probable Case of Diphtheria

A

inflammation of the upper respiratory tract with
grayish membrane covering tissues in the nose,
tonsils, and throat

32
Q

Confirmed Case of Diphtheria

A

Probable case with one or more of the following:
❶ bacterial isolation from nose or throat
❷ positive histopathology tests
❸ epidemiological link to a confirmed case .

33
Q

Causative agent of Diphtheria

A

Corynebacterium Diphtheria

34
Q

MOA of Diphtheria

A
  • The bacteria make a toxin that kills healthy tissues in the respiratory system.
  • The dead tissue forms a thick, gray coating called
    “pseudomembrane” covering tissues in the nose, tonsils, and throat, making it very hard to breathe and swallow .
35
Q

Reservoir of Diphtheria

A

Human only

36
Q

MOT of Diphtheria

A

❶ Direct droplet

❷ vehicle borne (articles contaminated with
the bacteria)

37
Q

IP of Diphtheria

38
Q

Infectivity Period of Diphtheria

A

❶ ≤ 2 weeks (rarely up to 4 weeks if not using antibiotics).

❷ Chronic carriers may discharge bacteria 6 months or more

39
Q

Susceptibility of Diphtheria

A
  • Immunity is acquired after 3 doses of diphtheria toxoid (protective value 95%)
  • Diphtheria infection doesn’t guarantee lifetime immunity.
  • Person can get diphtheria more than once if not fully immunized so, a full course of diphtheria vaccine to prevent a recurrence is needed .
40
Q

General Preventive Measures for Diphtheria

A

(according to mode of transmission as in general epidemiology lectures)

41
Q

Specific Preventive Measures for Diphtheria

A
  • Compulsary Vx
  • Chemoprophylaxis
42
Q

Compulsary Vx in Diphtheria

A
  • with Diphtheria toxoid at 2, 4, 6 months, and a booster at 18months
  • Other 2 booster doses can be given in primary school (grade 2,4)
43
Q

Chemoprophylaxis in Diphtheria

A

penicillin or erythromycin

44
Q

Case Control Measures for Diphtheria

45
Q

Notification of Diphtheria

A

immediate to the ministry of health

46
Q

Isolation of Diphtheria

47
Q

TTT of Diphtheria

A

immediate treatment with diphtheria antitoxin + antibiotics according to treating physician

48
Q

Contact Control Measures in Diphtheria

A

❶ Enlistment.

❷ Surveillance.

❸ Chemoprophylaxis and Booster dose of diphtheria vaccine

49
Q

Epidemic Measures for Diphtheria

A
  • no epidemics is expected in Egypt (due to the high compulsory vaccine coverage) but if occur all infants and children should be vaccinated in addition to
    the cases and contacts control measures
50
Q

international Measures for Diphtheria

Y3R7 - (Community) 🧑‍🧑‍🧒‍🧒 (30 decks)

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