L25: Air Quality & Domestic Waste Managment Flashcards
Def of Air pollution
- It is the presence of substances in the atmosphere that are harmful to the health of humans and other living organisms, or cause damage to the climate or to materials
Magnitude of the problem of Air pollution
❶ 4.2 million deaths every year occur as a result of exposure to ambient (outdoor air pollution)
❷ 3.8 million deaths every tear as of household exposure to smoke from dirty cookstoves and fuels
❸ 9 out of 10 people worldwide live in places where air quality exceeds WHO guidelines limits
Types of Air pollution
- Indoor
- Outdoor
Causes of Indoor air pollution and household energy
Around 2.6 billion people still
❶ cook using solid fuels (such as wood, crop wastes, charcoal, coal and dung)
❷ kerosene in open fires and inefficient stoves.
- Most of these people are poor, and live in low- and middle-income countries
These cooking practices are …..
❶ Inefficient
❷ use fuels and technologies that produce high levels of household air pollution with a range of health-damaging pollutants including small soot particles that penetrate deep into the lungs
Risk Factors of Indoor air pollution and household energy
❶ In poorly ventilated dwellings, indoor smoke can be
100 times higher than acceptable levels for fine particles.
❷ Exposure is particularly high among women and young children, who spend the most time near the domestic hearth.
Impacts of Indoor air pollution on Health
Outdoor air pollution is a major environmental health problem affecting everyone …….
in low, middle and high-income countries
Ambient (outdoor) air pollution in both cities and rural areas was estimated to cause 4.2 million premature deaths worldwide per year in 2016
…
this mortality is due to exposure to fine particulate matter of ……. which cause cardiovascular and respiratory disease, and cancers
2.5 microns or less in diameter (PM2.5),
Types of air pollutants
Primary Air Pollutants
Secondary Air Pollutants
Health effects of Air Pollution
- Long Term effects
❶ lung cancer
❷ damage to the immune, neurological, reproductive, & respiratory systems.
❸ In extreme cases, it can even cause death
Health effects of Air Pollution
Health effects of Air Pollution
- Short Term effects
❶ Irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat
❷ Wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and breathing difficulties
❸ Worsening of existing lung and heart problems, such as asthma
❹ Increased risk of heart attack
Environmental effects of Air Pollution
- Acid Rain
- Global Climate Change
- Eutrophication
- Haze
- Effects on Wildlife
- Ozone Depletion
Def of Eutrophication
- is a condition in a water body where high concentrations of nutrients (such as nitrogen) stimulate blooms of algae, can cause fish kills and loss of plant and animal diversity.
What Causes Haze?
caused when sunlight encounters tiny pollution particles in the air
Effects of Haze
Haze obscures the:
- Clarity
- Color
- texture
- form
of what we see.
Environmental effects of Air Pollution
- Effects on Wildlife
- birth defects
- reproductive failure
- disease in animals
Def of Built environment
- Refers to the human-made surroundings that provide the setting for human activity
- Ranging in scale from buildings and parks or green space to neighborhoods and cities that can often include their supporting infrastructure, such as water supply or energy networks.
EPA’s Sustainable Materials Management (SMM) Strategic Plan for fiscal years 2017 – 2022 identifies advancing SMM in the Built Environment
…
Why is Advancing SMM imoratnt in the Built Environment?
Examples of The application of SMM in the built environment
❶ Beneficially using industrial non-hazardous secondary materials as replacements for virgin materials in construction (e.g. coal ash, foundry sand, iron and steel slag, etc.)
❷ Sustainable management of construction & demolition (C&D) materials.
Ways of waste generation
Tips For Handling Domestic hazardous waste
Some quick tips for the safe handling of household hazardous wastes stated by Environmental Protection Agency include:
- Follow any instructions for use and storage provided on product labels carefully to prevent any accidents at home
- Be sure to read product labels for disposal directions to decrease the risk of products …..
- Never store hazardous products in food containers
- When leftovers remain, never mix HHW (household hazardous waste) with other products.
- Remember, even empty containers of HHW can pose hazards because of the residual chemicals that might remain so handle them with care also
Tips For Handling Domestic hazardous waste
- Follow any instructions for use and storage provided on product labels carefully to prevent any accidents at home.
…
Tips For Handling Domestic hazardous waste
- Be sure to read product labels for disposal directions
to decrease risk of:
- Exploding
- Igniting
- Leaking
- mixing with other chemicals
- posing other hazards on the way to a disposal facility
Tips For Handling Domestic hazardous waste
- Never store hazardous products in food containers
- keep them in their original containers and never
remove labels. - Corroding containers, however, require special
handling. - Call your local hazardous materials official or fire
department for instructions.
Tips For Handling Domestic hazardous waste
- When leftovers remain, never mix HHW (household hazardous waste) with other products.
- Incompatible products might react, ignite, or explode, and contaminated HHW might become unrecyclable.
Tips For Handling Domestic hazardous waste
- Remember, even empty containers of HHW can pose hazards because of the residual chemicals that might remain so handle them with care aswell
….
Final domestic waste disposal ways
- landfill site
- Incineration
- Recycling
- pyrolysis
- Energy Recovery
- Recoverable Materials
Final domestic waste disposal ways
- Landfill Site
- Also known as a tip, dump, rubbish dump,
garbage dump, or dumping ground, is a site for the disposal of waste materials - Landfill is the oldest and most common form of waste disposal
What is the oldest and most common form of waste disposal?
Landfill Site
Final domestic waste disposal ways
- Incineration
- is a disposal method in which solid organic
wastes are subjected to combustion so as to convert them into residue and gaseous products
Final domestic waste disposal ways
- Recycling
- Is a resource recovery practice that refers to the
collection and reuse of waste materials such as empty beverage containers. - This process involves breaking down and reusing materials that would otherwise be gotten rid of as trash
Final domestic waste disposal ways
- Pyrolysis
- is often used to convert many types of
domestic and industrial residues into a recovered fuel. - Different types of waste input (such as plant waste, food waste, tyres) placed in the pyrolysis process potentially yield an alternative to fossil fuels
Final domestic waste disposal ways
- Energy Recovery
- from waste is the conversion of non-recyclable waste materials into usable heat, electricity, or fuel through a variety of processes, including combustion, gasification, pyrolyzation, anaerobic digestion, and
landfill gas recovery.
Final domestic waste disposal ways
- Recoverable Material
- that are organic in nature, such as plant material, food scraps, and paper products, can be recovered through composting and digestion processes to decompose the organic matter.
- The resulting organic material is then recycled as compost for agricultural or
landscaping purposes
