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Y3R7 - (Community) 🧑‍🧑‍🧒‍🧒 > L2: General Epidemiology of Communicable Diseases > Flashcards

L2: General Epidemiology of Communicable Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Def of Infection

A

Entry, development &/or multiplication of the infectious agent in the body of man or animal.

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2
Q

Depending on factors in both host and organism; Infection results into either:

A
  • A clinically manifest disease (Infectious disease). Or
  • The presence of infection without recognizable clinical signs or symptoms and identifiable only by laboratory means (Inapparent infection-subclinical infection).
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3
Q

Def of Infestation

A

The lodgment, development and reproduction of a parasite on the body surface or inside body tissues

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4
Q

Def of Contamination

A

The presence of an infectious agent on a body surface, in clothes, bedding, toys, surgical instruments or dressings, or other inanimate articles or substances including water and food.

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5
Q

Def of Communicable disease

A
  • An illness due to a specific infectious agent or its toxins that arises through transmission from an infected person, animal or inanimate reservoir to a susceptible host.
  • It may be either directly or indirectly
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6
Q

Def of Latent Infection

A
  • Infectious agent lies “dormant” within the host without clinical manifestations.
  • It reactivates under certain conditions causing the disease.
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7
Q

Ex of agents with Latent Period

A

herpes zoster, Pulmonary tuberculosis

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8
Q

Def of Opportunistic infection

A

Nonpathogenic agents, cause disease when host immunity decreased

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9
Q

Examples of Opportunistic infection

A

Pneumocystis carinii, Toxoplasma, CMV

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10
Q

Def of Zoonotic infection

A
  • An infection or infectious disease transmissible under natural conditions from vertebrate animals to humans
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11
Q

what is World Health Organization (WHO)?

A
  • A part of the United Nations that deals with major health issues around the world.
  • The World Health Organization sets standards for disease control, health care, and medicines; Conducts education and research programs; and publishes scientific papers and reports.
  • The headquarters are located in Geneva, Switzerland.
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12
Q

WHO Regions

A
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13
Q

International Health Regulations (IHR)

A
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14
Q

Public health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC)

A
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15
Q

The WHO should be notified if …….

A
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16
Q

Types of occurrences and spread (distribution) of infectious diseases in communities

A
  • Sporadic
  • Cluster
  • Endemic
  • Epidemic
  • Outbreak
  • Pandemic
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17
Q

Sporadic Spread

A

The infrequent and irregular occurrence of a disease (without common source of infection)

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18
Q

Cluster Spread

A

The aggregation of cases grouped in place and time.

19
Q

Endemic Spread

A
  • The constant presence of an infectious disease within a given geographic area.
  • It may also refer to the usual prevalence (baseline level) of a given disease within such area
20
Q

Endemicity of a disease is determined by ……

A

the existence of its ecological factors (agent, host and environment)

21
Q

Epidemic

A
  • An increase in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area.
  • The number of cases indicating epidemic varies according to the infectious agent, size and type of population and time and place of occurrence.
22
Q

Epidemic threshold

A
  • The critical number or incidence above which an urgent measure is required to control the emerging epidemic.
  • Each disease has a specific threshold that depends on its infectivity, transmissibility and the degree of endemicity in a locality.
23
Q

Outbreak

A

Epidemic in limited geographic area or confined group.

24
Q

Pandemic

A

Epidemic that spreads over several countries or continents (Epidemic that crosses international borders)

25
Q

trends of occurrence of infectious diseases

A

The occurrence of disease changes over time, Some of these changes occur regularly, while others are unpredictable.

25
Q

Epidemics, outbreaks or pandemics occur when

A
26
Q

Secular trends

A

Some diseases show long term variation in the occurrence.

27
Q

Seasonal trend

A
  • Some diseases such as influenza and West Nile infection are known to have characteristic seasonal distributions.
  • Seasonal patterns may suggest hypotheses about how the infection is transmitted, what behavioral factors increase risk, and other possible contributors to the disease or condition.
28
Q

Day of week and time of day trend

A

In conditions related to occupational or environmental exposures that tend to occur at regularly scheduled intervals.

29
Q

Epidemiologic weeks

A
30
Q

Natural History of Disease

A

It is the progress of a disease in an individual over time in absence of intervention.

31
Q

The outcome of any infection depends on two opposing forces:

A
  1. Invading organism: Dose, pathogenicity, virulence.
  2. The host: Body resistance and immunity.
32
Q

Chain of infection (infectious cycle)

A
33
Q

Def of Infectious agent

A

An organism (virus, bacteria, fungus, protozoa or helminth) that is capable of producing infection or infectious disease.

34
Q

Agent factors that affect disease behavior

A
  • Infectivity
  • Pathogenicity
  • Virulence
  • Antigenicity (Immunogenicity)
  • Resistance
35
Q

what is Infectivity?

A

Ability of agent to produce infection (invade, survive and multiply) in a susceptible host

36
Q

What is Infectivity measured by?

A
  • Measured by the secondary attack rate (Proportion of exposed susceptible who become infected).
  • Secondary attack rate = (Number of secondary cases ÷ Number of exposed susceptible) x 100.
37
Q

what is Pathogenecity?

A
  • Ability of the organism to produce overt clinical reaction after infection.
38
Q

What is Pathogenecity Measured by?

A
  • Measured by the ratio of clinical to subclinical case.
39
Q

What is Virulence?

A
  • The degree of pathogenicity of an infectious agent.
40
Q

What is Virulence measured by?

A
  • Ability of organism to produce severe pathological reaction (death or irreversible damage).
  • Measured by case fatality rates.
  • Case fatality rate = (Total number of deaths from a disease / Total number of cases of that diseases) X 100.
41
Q

What is Antigenicity (Immunogenicity)?

A
  • Ability of organism to produce specific immunity (antibodies).
  • Measured by rate of occurrence of a second attack.(Re infection).
42
Q

What is Resistance of an agent?

A

The ability of the agent to survive adverse environmental conditions.

43
Q

Environmental resistance of Agents

A

Y3R7 - (Community) 🧑‍🧑‍🧒‍🧒 (30 decks)

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