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Y3R7 - (Community) 🧑‍🧑‍🧒‍🧒 > L15: Zika, Anthrax & COVID 19 > Flashcards

L15: Zika, Anthrax & COVID 19 Flashcards

1
Q

Def of Emerging infectious diseases

A
  • are “New diseases; new problem (New threats)” caused by: A newly discovered infectious agent
  • A newly identified pathogen emerged and whose incidence in humans has increased during the last 2 decades and is threatening to in the near future
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2
Q

Examples of Emerging infectious diseases

A
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3
Q

Def of Re-emerging infectious diseases

A
  • are “old diseases, new problem. (New threats)”
    An infectious disease was previously controlled but
    once again has risen to be a significant health
    problem.
  • This term also refers to that disease which was formerly confined to one geographic area, has now spread to other areas
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4
Q

Examples of that disease which was formerly confined to one geographic area, has now spread to other areas

A
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5
Q

Factors contributing to the emergence of infectious diseases

A
  • Host factors
  • Agent factors
  • Environmental factors
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6
Q

Factors contributing to the emergence of infectious diseases

  • Host Factors
A
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7
Q

Factors contributing to the emergence of infectious diseases

  • Host Factors (Human demographic change)
A

inhabiting new areas

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8
Q

Factors contributing to the emergence of infectious diseases

  • Host Factors (Human Behaviour)
A
  • Unsafe sexual practices (HIV, Gonorrhoea, Syphilis)
  • Changes in agricultural & food production patterns, food- borne infectious agents (E. coli)
  • international travel (Influenza)
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9
Q

Factors contributing to the emergence of infectious diseases

  • Host Factors (Human Susceptibility to infection)
A

Immunosuppression

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10
Q

Factors contributing to the emergence of infectious diseases

  • Agent Factors
A
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11
Q

Factors contributing to the emergence of infectious diseases

  • Agent Factors (Evolution of pathogenic infectious agents)
A

microbial adaptation & Change

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12
Q

Factors contributing to the emergence of infectious diseases

  • Agent Factors (Development of Resistance to drugs)
A
  • Wrong prescribing practices
  • Non-adherence by patients
  • Counterfeit drugs
  • Use of anti-infective drugs in animals & plants
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13
Q

Factors contributing to the emergence of infectious diseases

  • Agent Factors (Risistance of vectors to pesticides)
A

….

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14
Q

Factors contributing to the emergence of infectious diseases

  • Environmental Factors
A
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15
Q

Factors contributing to the emergence of infectious diseases

  • Environmental Factors (Climate & changing ecosystems)
A
  • Deforestation forces animals into closer human contact increase possibility for agents to breach species barrier between animals & humans
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16
Q

Factors contributing to the emergence of infectious diseases

  • Environmental Factors (natural disasters & related outbreaks)
A

Malaria, Cholera

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17
Q

Factors contributing to the emergence of infectious diseases

  • Environmental Factors (Global warming)
A

spread of Malaria, Dengue, Leishmaniasis, Filariasis

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18
Q

Factors contributing to the emergence of infectious diseases

  • Environmental Factors (Economic development & Land use)
A

urbanization, deforestation

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19
Q

Factors contributing to the emergence of infectious diseases

  • Environmental Factors (Technology & industry)
A

food processing & handling

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20
Q

Factors contributing to the emergence of infectious diseases

  • Environmental Factors (Breakdown of public health measure)
A

war, unrest, overcrowding

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21
Q

Factors contributing to the emergence of infectious diseases

  • Environmental Factors (Uncontrolled Urbanization &Population displacement)
A

Problem of refugees & displaced persons

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22
Q

Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases

A
  • Controlling possible causes
  • Role of doctors in prevention
  • Public health measures
  • Response of the WHO
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23
Q

Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases
- Controlling Possible Causes

A
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24
Q

Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases

  • Role of Doctors in Prevention
A
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25
Q

Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases

  • Public Health Measures
A
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26
Q

Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases

  • Response of WHO
A
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27
Q

Def of Zika Virus

A

a mosquito-borne flavivirus

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28
Q

1st Case of Zika Virus

A

The very 1st known case of Zika fever was in a rhesus monkey in the Zika Forest in Uganda in 1947

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29
Q

1st Human Case of Zika Virus

A

The 1st human cases were reported in Nigeria in 1954

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30
Q

Outbreaks of Zika Virus

A
  • A few outbreaks have been reported in tropical Africa and in some areas in Southeast Asia.
  • The 1st major outbreak, with 185 confirmed cases, was reported in 2007 in the Yap Islands of the Federated States of Micronesia.
  • In 2013 another large outbreak was reported in French Polynesia
  • Mosquito-borne Zika virus is suspected to be the cause of 2,400 cases of microcephaly and 29 infant deaths in Brazil in 2015
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31
Q

Zika Virus & Brazil

A
  • Mosquito-borne Zika virus is suspected to be the cause of 2,400 cases of microcephaly and 29 infant deaths in Brazil in 2015
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32
Q

Epidemic Threshold of Zika Virus

A

Viral load in body ≥4800 viral copies triggered dissemination and ≥12,000 viral copies set out transmission

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33
Q

Zika Virus in egypt

A

No detected cases in the last outbreak

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34
Q

Possible Case of Zika Virus

A

Not applicable

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35
Q

Probable Case of Zika Virus

A
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36
Q

Confirmed Case of Zika Virus

A
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37
Q

Causative Agent of Zika Virus

A

ZIKa virus

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38
Q

Anmal Hosts of Zika Virus

A

monkeys, domestic sheep, goats, horses, cows, ducks, rodents,
bats.

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39
Q

MOT of Zika Virus

A
40
Q

IP of Zika Virus

A

3–14 days

41
Q

Infectivity Period of Zika Virus

A

ranges from a few days to 1 week (Virus remains in semen and urine longer than in blood )

42
Q

General Prevention of Zika Virus

A

❶ Protection against mosquito bites (refer to general epidemiology)

❷ Protection against Sexual transmission (refer to general epidemiology)

43
Q

Specific Prevention of Zika Virus

A

No vaccine is yet available

44
Q

Def of Anthrax

A

a serious zoonotic infectious disease caused by gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria

45
Q

Type of anthrax bacteria

A

gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria

46
Q

Global Epidemeology of Anthrax

A

Endemic in parts of South and Central America, Southern and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, the Caribbean and the Middle East.

47
Q

Latest outbreaks of Anthrax

A
  • 2001; letters containing anthrax spores were
    mailed to several news media offices and two U.S. Senators, killing five people and infecting 17 others (biological weapon).
  • 2014; in India resulting in 7 deaths.
  • 2016; in Siberia, Russia resulting in 2300 deaths among animals.
  • 2018; in France (cattle Farms)
48
Q

Compare between Cutaneous, GI & Inhalational Anthrax in terms of:

  • Case Definition
  • Occurrence
  • CFR
  • MOT
  • IP
A
49
Q

Causative Agent of Anthrax

A

Bacillus anthracis

50
Q

Reservoir of Anthrax

A

❶ Infected animals (grazing herbivorous animals)

❷ Soil (Spores)

51
Q

Biologocal Terrorism & Anthrax

A

(Estimated Effects)

  • 50 kg of spores among urban area of 5 million leads to 250,000 cases of anthrax & 100,000 deaths
52
Q

Infectivity period of Anthrax

A

B. anthracis spores can remain viable and infective in soil for years and maybe decades

53
Q

General Prevention of Anthrax

A
54
Q

Specific Prevention if Anthrax

A
55
Q

Vaccination of Anthrax

A

Cell-Free Filtrate

56
Q

Dose of Vx of Anthrax

A

Immunization series (5 IM injections over 18-week period with annual booster)

57
Q

Indications of Vx of Anthrax

A

At risk groups (Veterinarians, Lab workers, Livestock
handlers, Military personnel)

58
Q

SE of Vx of Anthrax

A

no serious side effects

59
Q

Case Control Measures for Anthrax

A

(refer to general epidemiology) + Cutaneous/gastrointestinal anthrax Ciprofloxacin, penicillin or doxycycline are the drugs of choice, usually given for 7–10 days

60
Q

Contact Control Measures for Anthrax

A

(refer to general epidemiology)

61
Q

Control Measures for Anthrax in bioterrorist attacks

A
  • involving aerosolized anthrax where the risk is high, ciprofloxacin or doxycycline are recommended and should be given for at least 60 day
62
Q

Def of Coronaviruses

A
  • Coronaviruses are enveloped RNA viruses that cause respiratory illnesses of varying severity from the common cold to fatal pneumonia.
63
Q

Many coronaviruses are known to cause disease in humans

A

..

64
Q

Coronaviruses causing Common cold

A

229E, OC43, NL63 & HUK1.

65
Q

Coronaviruses causing COVID19

A

SARS-CoV2 is a novel coronavirus identified as the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that began in Wuhan, China in late 2019 and spread worldwide in a widespread pandemic.

66
Q

Coronaviruses causing MERS

A

MERS-CoV was identified in 2012, cause of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)

67
Q

Coronaviruses causing SARS

A

SARS-CoV was identified in 2002, cause of an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).

68
Q

These coronaviruses that cause severe respiratory infections are …….. pathogens, which begin in infected animals and are transmitted from animals to people

A

zoonotic

69
Q

Global Epidemeology of COVID 19

A
  • As of 20 September 2021, more than 228 million cases and 4.69 million deaths have been confirmed, making it one of the deadliest pandemics in history.
  • Lowest case fatality rate is detected in Singapore 0.1%
  • highest is detected in Yemen (19%)
70
Q

National Epidemeology of COVID 19

A

Number of confirmed cases is 296,929 with deaths 16,970 till 20 sept 2021 with case fatality rate 5.7%

71
Q

Epidemic Threshold of COVID 19

A

diagnosing one or more cases of COVID-19

72
Q

Suspected case of COVID 19

A

A person who meets the clinical AND epidemiological criteria

73
Q

Clinical Criteria of COVID 19

A
74
Q

Symptoms in COVID 19

A
75
Q

Epidemeological criteria of COVID 19

A
76
Q

Probable Case of COVID 19

A
77
Q

Cobfirmed Case of COVID 19

A
78
Q

Causative agent of COVID 19

A

novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 Variants (alpha, beta, gamma & delta)

79
Q

MOT of COVID 19

A
  • Animals to humans transmission.
  • Person-to-person spread: occurs through droplet infection (direct or indirect)
80
Q

IP of COVID 19

A

1–14 days

81
Q

Infectivity Period of COVID 19

A
  • 1 to 3 days before symptoms start, and in the first 7 days after symptoms begin.

But some people may remain infectious for longer

82
Q

Susceptibility to COVID 19

A
83
Q

Dx of COVID 19

A
84
Q

General Prevention of COVID 19

A

(Standard Precautions & Transmission-Based Precautions)

85
Q

Specific prevention of COVID 19

A

Vaccinations:

  • mRNA Vx
  • Vector Vx
  • Inactivated Vector Vx
86
Q

Concept of mRNA vaccines

A
  • contain the genetic instructions for making the COVID-19 spike protein, this protein is found on the surface of the virus that causes COVID-19
87
Q

Examples of mRNA vaccines

A

(Pfizer Ultra Frozen Vaccine / Moderna Frozen Vaccine)

88
Q

Concept of Vector vaccines

A

contain a modified version of a different virus than the one that causes COVID-19. Inside the shell of the modified virus, there is material from the virus that causes COVID-19

89
Q

Examples of Vector vaccines

A

(AstraZeneca/COVISHIELD)

90
Q

Concept of Inactivated virus vaccine

A
  • Inactivated vaccines consist of virus particles that
    have been grown in culture and then are killed using a method such as heat or formaldehyde to lose disease producing capacity, while still stimulating an
    immune response
91
Q

Examples of Inactivated virus vaccine

A

(Sinopharm & Sinovac)

92
Q

Mild to Moderate Case Control Measures in COVID-19

A
93
Q

Severe Case Control Measures in COVID-19

A
94
Q

Contact Control Measures in COVID-19

A
95
Q

Epidemic Control Measures in COVID-19

A

Refer to general epidemiology + Mass vaccination

Y3R7 - (Community) 🧑‍🧑‍🧒‍🧒 (30 decks)

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