Key Points Flashcards
What name is given to the lesion/condition causing an ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation to the face and a contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation to the body?
Lateral medullary syndrome (also called Wallenberg syndrome and posterior inferior cerebellar artery syndrome) is a disorder in which the patient has a constellation of neurologic symptoms due to injury to the lateral part of the medulla in the brain, resulting in tissue ischemia and necrosis
What is Browns squared syndrome?
Brown-Séquard’s syndrome results from a lesion in one (lateral) half of the spinal cord (for example, hemisection or lateral injury of the cord). The syndrome is rare and comprises ipsilateral hemiplegia with contralateral pain and temperature sensation deficits (because of the crossing of the fibres of the spinothalamic tract).
Name the extrinsic muscles of the back….
Latismuss dorsi, rhomboids, levator scapulae, and trapezius
Name the intrinsic superficial muscles….
Splenius cervicus and splenius capitus
Name the intermediate intrinsic muscles (erector spinae…)
Spinalis - most medial
Longismuss
Iliocostalis - most lateral
Name the deep intrinsic muscles (tranversospinales)…
Semispinalis - most superficial - extends head and thoracic vertebral column
Multifidus - rotate contralateral side
Rotatores - small rotary movements
What do the pontine and medullary reticulospinal pathways control?
pontine reticulospinal fibres control the extensors and medullary reticulospinal fibres control the flexors
Which action cannot be performed at the interphalangeal (IP) joints of the middle and index finger in a Hand of Benediction deformity?
Flexion
Median nerve- Supplies FDP of lateral 3 1/2 digits and lateral 2 lumbricals.
Unable to form fist.
Which muscle of mastication protrudes the jaw?
Lateral pterygoid pulls the condylar head out of the mandibular fossa onto the articular tubercle. The other three muscles are involved in elevation and retraction.
What nerve abnormality can Chronic Hyperaldosteronism cause?
Carpal tunnel
Excessive aldosterone release in the blood results in more Na+, therefore more water in the blood resulting in peripheral oedema which causes carpal tunnel syndrome
What parasympathetic supplies do these nerves supply; • III • VII • IX • X
CN III carries preganglionic fibres to ciliary ganglion - ciliary muscles and sphincter pupillae
CN VII - sphenopalatine ganglion ; submandibular ganglion - lacrimal and nasal glands ; submandibular and sublingual glands
CN IX - otic ganglion - parotid gland
A lesion where would result in hyperphagia?
Hyperphagia is the inability to stop eating, excessive hunger or the need to eat constantly.
Feeding behaviour is controlled by the hypothalamus, specifically the ventromedial hypothalamus and lateral hypothalamus.
The lateral hypothalamus induces feeding behaviour, and a lesion would cause aphagia - the refusal to eat/swallow, as feeding behaviour is never stimulated.
Therefore, a lesion of the ventromedial hypothalamus would cause hyperphagia, as this area suppresses feeding behaviour, and without this, hyperphagia would result.
Which of the following does not pass through the deep posterior triangle of the neck?
The deep and superficial layers of the posterior triangle are created by the investing fascia layer.
The accessory nerve runs in the superficial layer of the posterior triangle and innervates the SCM and trapezius.
The roots of the brachial plexus emerge between the anterior and middle scalene muscles in the deep posterior triangle.
The phrenic nerve travels over the anterior scalene in the deep posterior triangle.
Both the suprascapular artery and transverse cervical artery are within the deep posterior triangle.
What is lateral medullary syndrome?
the posterior aspect of the medulla is suppled by branches from the vertebral artery and the posterior inferior cerebbelar artery
affects the following:
1) Spinal nucleus of V - IPSILATERAL pain and temperature loss on the face
2) Hypothalamospinal tract - Horner’s syndrome
3) Nucleus ambiguus - Voice hoarseness and difficulty swallowing
4) Vestibular nucleus - Vertigo
5) Inferior cerebellar peduncle - Cerebellar ataxia (atypical gait, dysdiadokinesia, dysmetria)
6) Spinothalamic tract - CONTRALATERL pain and temperature loss on the body
What is Horner’s syndrome?
Horners syndrome comprises of ptosis, miosis (constriction of pupils due to no noradrenaline) and anhydrosis (lack of sweating - same reason)
Due to a lesion in hypothalamospinal tract
