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TSM > 1.91 Connective Tissue > Flashcards

1.91 Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up connective tissue?

A

Cartilage, Bone, Blood, lymph and Adipose

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2
Q

What is the clinical importance of connective tissue?

A

Osteoarthritis
Cartilage worn away
Bone remodelled - bony spurs
Pain and reduced mobility

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3
Q

In a synovial joint, what does hyaline cartilage cover?

A

Articular surface - skeletal connective tissue

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4
Q

In a synovial joint, what does the synovial membrane cover?

A

Non articulate surfaces
Forms joint capsule, bursa and tendon sheaths
Secretes synovial fluid
Reduce joint friction

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5
Q

In a synovial membrane, what does the fibrous membrane cover?

A

Encloses entire joint
Dense connective tissue
Fat pad cushioning

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6
Q

What does connective tissue arise from in the embryo?

A

Arises from mesoderm

Mesenchyme is embryo connective tissue

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7
Q

What does connective tissue consist of?

A

Consists of cells positioned far apart and surrounding extracellular matrix

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8
Q

What is a major part of connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts (though not all CT has it)

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9
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A

protective, structural or connective

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10
Q

What do functional differences depend on?

A

specific organisation of constituents

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11
Q

What makes up connective tissue?

A

Extracellular matrix and Cells

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12
Q

What makes up extracellular matrix?

A

Fibres - collagen and elastin produced by fibroblasts

Ground substance water and glycosaminoglycans

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13
Q

What cells make up the connective tissue?

A 
Fibroblasts, 
Osteocytes - bone, 
Chondrocytes - cartilage ,
Adipocytes - fat 
Immune cells - mast cells, plasma cells, and macrophages
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14
Q

What are collagen fibres?

A 
Fibres of ECM 
Produced by fibroblasts 
Triple helix - tropocollagen 
-high tensile strength 
-found tendons
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15
Q

What are elastic fibres?

A

Elastin is a stretchy protein
Central core: Loosely cross linked elastin
Glycoprotein outer coat: Microfibrils (fibrillin) organise elastic core
Low turnover = wrinkles!

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16
Q

What are fibroblasts?

A

Synthesise extracellular matrix, collagen and elastin
Immature cells
Mobile and undifferentiated
Proliferate in response to injury

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17
Q

What is the function of osteoblasts?

A

Synthesise bone matrix

18
Q

What is the function of chondrocytes?

A

Synthesise cartilage matrix

19
Q

What are mesenchymal sells?

A

Undifferentiated stem cells

20
Q

What are fibrocytes?

A

Inactive fibroblasts
Mature cells
Maintain tissue

21
Q

What are adipocytes?

A 
• Synthesise and store lipids 
• Unilocular (white, single droplet) 
• Multilocular (brown, many droplets)
• Develop from mesenchymal cells
Numbers fixed in early childhood
22
Q

What are mast cells?

A

Immune cells
Contain heparin
Release histamine in response to trauma (Vasodilation and bronchoconstriction)

23
Q

Which other type of immune cells is also found in CT?

A

macrophages - Phagocytic, scavenger cells

24
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

Immune cells
Transformed B-lymphocytes
Produce antibodies

25
Q

What are the types of soft connective tissues?

A 
Loose - low collagen 
- areolar
-adipose
-reticular 
-synovial
Dense - high collagen 
- regular - tendon 
- irregular - dermis
26
Q

What are the types of skeletal connective tissue?

A

Cartilage - hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage
Bone - calcified ECM - woven and aversion
Dental - mineralised - Dentine and enamel

27
Q

What is areolar connective tissue?

A

SOFT - LOOSE
• Is subcutaneous CT
• Areolar CT Can be described as packing material
• Also transports gases from blood vessels to tissues
Lots of ground substance and fibroblasts

28
Q

Explain white adipose…

A

Unilocular
Contains CT fibres (e.ga. reticulin)
Subcutaneous
Each cell contains one fat droplet

29
Q

Explain brown adipose..

A 
Multilocular 
Multiple fat droplets
Contains many mitochondria - for heat production
Energy release - heat
High levels in neonates, infants
30
Q

Explain the synovial membrane (loose)…

A

Secretes synovial fluid - blood plasma, hyaloronan, and glycoproteins
Outer layer - intima - marcophages or fibroblasts
Subintima - vascularised - loose aeriolar, loose adipose or fibrous

31
Q

Explain reticular connective tissue…

A

Found in liver endocrine glands, lymph nodes, spleen

Made of a network of fine collagen III fibres (reticulin)

32
Q

Explain dense regular connective tissue…

A

• E.g tendon, ligament
• Fibrous joint capsule
• Lots of collagen
Formation requires vitamin C - scurvy

33
Q

Explain dense irregular connective tissue…

A

• Collagen Fibres arranged in irregular pattern
• Fibroblasts
• Small amount of ECM
E.g deep dermis

34
Q

What are the types of skeletal connective tissue?

A 
• Cartilage
	• Hyaline cartilage
	• Elastic cartilage
• Haversian 
	• Bone
Dental
35
Q

Explain hyaline cartilage….

A

Location:
• Articular surfaces (gristle)
• Supporting rings in respiratory system (cricoid)
• Nasal cartilages
• Developing bones (epiphyseal/growth plate)
Function:
• Rigid, but flexible
• Resistant to compression (contains water)
Nutrition:
By diffusion from surrounding tissue

36
Q

Where is elastic connective tissue found?

A

Epiglottis
Ear
Larynx

37
Q

What is the composition of elastic tissue?

A

Chondrocytes
Collagen fibres (perichondrium)
Bundles of elastic fibres (elastin) in matrix

38
Q

What medical condition can occur in a synovial joint?

A

Cartilage - osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis
Tendons - tendonitis
Bursae - Bursitis
Synovial membrane - synovitis - inflammation - rheumatoid arthritis

39
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Synovial membrane, hyaline cartilage, autoimmune and aggressive

40
Q

What is bursitis?

A

Causes - wear and tear, trauma or infection
Olecranon bursitis - student’s elbow
Prepatellar bursitis - housemaid’s knee

41
Q

What is tendonitis?

A

Inflammation of the tendon
Tennis elbow - lateral epicondyle
Golfer’s elbow - medial epicondyle
Heel - Achilles tendonitis

42
Q

What is tenosynovitis ?

A

Inflammation of tendon synovial sheath

TSM (67 decks)

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