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TSM > 1.91 Connective Tissue > Flashcards

1.91 Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up connective tissue?

A

Cartilage, Bone, Blood, lymph and Adipose

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2
Q

What is the clinical importance of connective tissue?

A

Osteoarthritis
Cartilage worn away
Bone remodelled - bony spurs
Pain and reduced mobility

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3
Q

In a synovial joint, what does hyaline cartilage cover?

A

Articular surface - skeletal connective tissue

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4
Q

In a synovial joint, what does the synovial membrane cover?

A

Non articulate surfaces
Forms joint capsule, bursa and tendon sheaths
Secretes synovial fluid
Reduce joint friction

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5
Q

In a synovial membrane, what does the fibrous membrane cover?

A

Encloses entire joint
Dense connective tissue
Fat pad cushioning

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6
Q

What does connective tissue arise from in the embryo?

A

Arises from mesoderm

Mesenchyme is embryo connective tissue

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7
Q

What does connective tissue consist of?

A

Consists of cells positioned far apart and surrounding extracellular matrix

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8
Q

What is a major part of connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts (though not all CT has it)

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9
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A

protective, structural or connective

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10
Q

What do functional differences depend on?

A

specific organisation of constituents

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11
Q

What makes up connective tissue?

A

Extracellular matrix and Cells

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12
Q

What makes up extracellular matrix?

A

Fibres - collagen and elastin produced by fibroblasts

Ground substance water and glycosaminoglycans

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13
Q

What cells make up the connective tissue?

A 
Fibroblasts, 
Osteocytes - bone, 
Chondrocytes - cartilage ,
Adipocytes - fat 
Immune cells - mast cells, plasma cells, and macrophages
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14
Q

What are collagen fibres?

A 
Fibres of ECM 
Produced by fibroblasts 
Triple helix - tropocollagen 
-high tensile strength 
-found tendons
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15
Q

What are elastic fibres?

A

Elastin is a stretchy protein
Central core: Loosely cross linked elastin
Glycoprotein outer coat: Microfibrils (fibrillin) organise elastic core
Low turnover = wrinkles!

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16
Q

What are fibroblasts?

A

Synthesise extracellular matrix, collagen and elastin
Immature cells
Mobile and undifferentiated
Proliferate in response to injury

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17
Q

What is the function of osteoblasts?

A

Synthesise bone matrix

18
Q

What is the function of chondrocytes?

A

Synthesise cartilage matrix

19
Q

What are mesenchymal sells?

A

Undifferentiated stem cells

20
Q

What are fibrocytes?

A

Inactive fibroblasts
Mature cells
Maintain tissue

21
Q

What are adipocytes?

A 
• Synthesise and store lipids 
• Unilocular (white, single droplet) 
• Multilocular (brown, many droplets)
• Develop from mesenchymal cells
Numbers fixed in early childhood
22
Q

What are mast cells?

A

Immune cells
Contain heparin
Release histamine in response to trauma (Vasodilation and bronchoconstriction)

23
Q

Which other type of immune cells is also found in CT?

A

macrophages - Phagocytic, scavenger cells

24
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

Immune cells
Transformed B-lymphocytes
Produce antibodies

25
What are the types of soft connective tissues?
``` Loose - low collagen - areolar -adipose -reticular -synovial Dense - high collagen - regular - tendon - irregular - dermis ```
26
What are the types of skeletal connective tissue?
Cartilage - hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage Bone - calcified ECM - woven and aversion Dental - mineralised - Dentine and enamel
27
What is areolar connective tissue?
SOFT - LOOSE • Is subcutaneous CT • Areolar CT Can be described as packing material • Also transports gases from blood vessels to tissues Lots of ground substance and fibroblasts
28
Explain white adipose...
Unilocular Contains CT fibres (e.ga. reticulin) Subcutaneous Each cell contains one fat droplet
29
Explain brown adipose..
``` Multilocular Multiple fat droplets Contains many mitochondria - for heat production Energy release - heat High levels in neonates, infants ```
30
Explain the synovial membrane (loose)...
Secretes synovial fluid - blood plasma, hyaloronan, and glycoproteins Outer layer - intima - marcophages or fibroblasts Subintima - vascularised - loose aeriolar, loose adipose or fibrous
31
Explain reticular connective tissue...
Found in liver endocrine glands, lymph nodes, spleen | Made of a network of fine collagen III fibres (reticulin)
32
Explain dense regular connective tissue...
• E.g tendon, ligament • Fibrous joint capsule • Lots of collagen Formation requires vitamin C - scurvy
33
Explain dense irregular connective tissue...
• Collagen Fibres arranged in irregular pattern • Fibroblasts • Small amount of ECM E.g deep dermis
34
What are the types of skeletal connective tissue?
``` • Cartilage • Hyaline cartilage • Elastic cartilage • Haversian • Bone Dental ```
35
Explain hyaline cartilage....
Location: • Articular surfaces (gristle) • Supporting rings in respiratory system (cricoid) • Nasal cartilages • Developing bones (epiphyseal/growth plate) Function: • Rigid, but flexible • Resistant to compression (contains water) Nutrition: By diffusion from surrounding tissue
36
Where is elastic connective tissue found?
Epiglottis Ear Larynx
37
What is the composition of elastic tissue?
Chondrocytes Collagen fibres (perichondrium) Bundles of elastic fibres (elastin) in matrix
38
What medical condition can occur in a synovial joint?
Cartilage - osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis Tendons - tendonitis Bursae - Bursitis Synovial membrane - synovitis - inflammation - rheumatoid arthritis
39
What is rheumatoid arthritis?
Synovial membrane, hyaline cartilage, autoimmune and aggressive
40
What is bursitis?
Causes - wear and tear, trauma or infection Olecranon bursitis - student's elbow Prepatellar bursitis - housemaid's knee
41
What is tendonitis?
Inflammation of the tendon Tennis elbow - lateral epicondyle Golfer's elbow - medial epicondyle Heel - Achilles tendonitis
42
What is tenosynovitis ?
Inflammation of tendon synovial sheath

TSM (67 decks)

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