1.88 Mood Disorder 2 Flashcards
When does normal anxiety become a disorder?
• Intense
• Frequent
• Persistent
Impairs functioning
What physical symptoms can be present with anxiety?
Physical, Muscular, Cardiovascular, GI, and urological
What are the symptoms of GAD?
• Psychological/physical and autonomic
• Chronic but fluctuating
NOT ‘situational’
What is diagnosis of gad?
6 months of symptoms
At least 1 autonomic plus 3 other symptoms
What are the treatments for it?
- Avoid caffeine and stressors
- Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
- Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors but also Benzodiazepines/ SNRIs/ TCAs/ antipsychotics
Describe panic attacks…
• Discrete
• Last a few minutes
• Physical symptoms
Catastrophising - fear of dying, losing control, going mad
What are the symptoms like?
Random, recurrent. NOT situational (c.f. panic attacks in other diagnoses)
What is the diagnosis?
discrete, distressing, rapid onset, rapid resolution
1 autonomic and at least 3 physical/ psychological
severity criteria
What can be the causes of panic disorders?
30% heritability, induced by lactate/ flumazenil
What is the treatment?
CBT
SSRIs/ TCAs/ SNRIs/ benzodiazepines
What are the three types of phobia?
Specific
Social
Agoraphobia - fear of public places
What are the symptoms of OCD?
obsessional thoughts
compulsive acts
What causes of OCD?
stress-diathesis
obsessional personality
orbitofrontal cortex activity ↑
Which monoamines are related to mood disorders?
Serotonin
Noradrenaline
Dopamine
What do TCAs, reserpine and MAIOs do?
TCA’s – inhibit 5-HT and NA uptake
MAOI’s – inhibit metabolism of 5-HT and NA
Reserpine reduces 5-HT and NA and increases suicide
Where do serotonin pathways go?
FROM RAPHE NUCLEUS Cerebellum Cerebral cortex Striatum (caudate putamen) Hippocampus
What are serotonin pathways important in controlling?
Appetitive
Emotions
Where do noradrenaline pathways begin and lead to?
FROM LOCUS CERULUES Cerebellum Cerebral cortex Thalamus Limbic system
What are noradrenaline pathways important in controlling?
• Influences arousal/wakefulness
• Implicated in mood/behaviour
• Appetitive
Sexual behaviour
What are the three main dopamine pathways?
• Nigrostriatal
○ Parkinson's Disease
• Mesolimbic/Mesocortical
○ Depression
AddictionHow can stress alter neuronal morphology?
Hippocampus - Decreased dendrites and pyramidal cells CA3, CA1 - memory
Prefrontal cortex - Decreased dendrites - Layer II/III/V pyramidal cells - emotion and attention
Amygdala - increase arborisation - increased anxiety?
Which areas are involved with neurogenesis in the brain?
Dentate Gyrus hippocampus
Subventricular zone
What is the function of brain derived neuronal factor?
Increases neurogenesis
Increases synaptic formation
What affect does stress have on BDNF?
Reduces BDNF
