1.38 CSF & Ventricles

Question 1

What are the meninges?

Answer 1

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Question 2

What is the falx cerebri?

Answer 2

all the layers come together in the space where the two hemispheres separate

Question 3

What are the three compartments that the dura mater forms?

Answer 3

faux cerebri - sagittal
tentotrum cerebri - coronal - coveres cerebrum
Diaphragm sella - around the pituitary gland - through the roof of the carvernous sinus

Question 4

What are the attachments of the faux cerebri?

Answer 4

Attach at crust gali at the front and occipital bone at the back

Question 5

What is the tantrum notch?

Answer 5

Where the brainstem passes through

Question 6

What happens to the dura mater when it exits through the foramen magnum?

Answer 6

The periostal layer stick to the outside and forms the periosteum
The meningeal layer exits through the foramen magnum then the spinal foramen to fuse with the nerves

Question 7

Which layer of the dura mater is superficial?

Answer 7

Periostal layer is more superficial

The personal layer and meningeal layer split to form sinuses

Question 8

What does the anterior meningeal artery supply?

Answer 8

Supplies a large territory underneath the pterion and a large part of the dura.

Question 9

What provides the innervation to the dura?

Answer 9

V1 - falx cerebri
V2 - diaphragm selli
V1 - tentorum cerebri

Question 10

What drains into the inferior sinus?

Answer 10

Great cerebral vein - drains the brain

Question 11

Which sinus does the transverse sinus drain into?

Answer 11

Into the sigmoid sinus

Question 12

What could happen if pressure in the cavernous sinus increases and what can cause this?

Answer 12

Can damage VI,III,IV, V2, and V3

Bleeding from carotid, high BP or increased pituitary

Question 13

What are the normal constituents of CSF?

Answer 13

Ultra-filtrate of plasma, low protein and no blood cells

Question 14

What produces the CSF?

Answer 14

Choroid plexus 60%

Cells lining ventricles 40%

Question 15

What is the function of CSF?

Answer 15

Physical support and shock absorber
Distribution of neuroendocrine proteins
Facilitates perfusion of the brain - protects against changes in arterial pressure

Question 16

What is an arachnoid granulation?

Answer 16

A small protrusion of the arachnoid through the dura mater

Question 17

What is the function of an arachnoid granulation?

Answer 17

They protrude into a venous sinus and allows csf from the arachnoid space to drain into the venous sinus - conc gradient

Question 18

What is an epidural haematoma?

Answer 18

Between skull and periostal layer of the dura
70-80% in tempopariatel region - middle meningeal artery
Limited by the periosteum
ARTERIAL

Question 19

What is a myelogram?

Answer 19

Dye can be injected, which is visible in x rays, can be used to detect tumours

Question 20

Where is the needle inserted in a lumbar puncture?

Answer 20

L3-4 - cauda equina - avoid damage to spinal cord which ends at L1

Question 21

What is a subdural hematoma? (venous)

Answer 21

Between meningeal layer and arachnoid
Decelerating injuries
Rupture of short veins
Slow

Question 22

What is an arterial subdural hematoma?

Answer 22

In subarachnoid space
Aneurisms
Major cause of headache
Emergency - potentially fatal

Question 23

What is an intracerebral haemorrhage?

Answer 23

Hemorrhagic stroke - bleed in the brain
Ischeamic stroke - blood clot
*MRI SCAN within an hour to differentiate

Question 24

What are the symptoms of hydrocephalus?

Answer 24

irritability, lethargic, throw up a lot, headaches, fever, poor coordination etc.

Question 25

What are the symptoms of meningitis in infant?

Answer 25

Cold hands and feet, tense fontanelle, photophobia, neck stiffness, vomiting etc.
Viral - no treatment
Bacterial - emergency - hearing loss, etc.