Intro to sleep

Question 1

normal humans _____ in sleep, leading to hypercapnia

Answer 1

hypoventilate (breathing decreases more than metaboic demands

Question 2

K complexes and sleep spindles found in

Answer 2

Stage 2

Question 2

cerebral blood flow changes in sleep

Answer 2

increases in REM

decreases in NREM
(overall decrease in total vascular resistance in sleep)

Question 2

changes in ACTH with sleep

Answer 2

cortisol decreases with sleep onset

lowest in early part of sleep, highest 4:00am to 8:00am

Question 3

REM sleep releases inhibition of ___ neurons

Answer 3

chiolinergic

Question 3

paralysis of REM sleep via

Answer 3

postsynaptic inhibition of motor neurons - hyperpolarization of motorneuron membranes

Question 4

theta waves, 3-7cps indicative of (state)

Answer 4

stage 1 sleep

Question 6

alpha waves 8-12cps indicative of (state)

Answer 6

drowsy state

Question 8

changes in growth hormone during sleep

Answer 8

peak 90mins past onset

sleep deprivation decreases secretion

Question 8

temperature changes with sleep

Answer 8

NREM - lowered threshold, lower shivering, sweating at ambient temperature

REM - no regulation - no shivering, no sweating, body temp drifts toward ambient temp

Question 10

waves typical of REM sleep

Answer 10

sawtooth

Question 11

percent time spent in sleep, NREM stages 1-4

Answer 11

1) 2-8%
2) 45-55%

3-4) 13-23%

Question 11

circadian rhythm brain location

Answer 11

suprachiastmatic nucelus (hypothalamus)

Question 12

functions s of ___ sleep include

processing of information

unlearning irrelevant information

memory consolidation

facilitating learning and memory

Answer 12

REM

Question 14

stage that predominates in first half of night

Answer 14

NREM

Question 15

paradoxical sleep

Answer 15

REM

Question 16

change in VCO2, VO2 in sleep

Answer 16

decrease

Question 18

Process C

Answer 18

circadian component affecting propensity for sleep and waking,

alerting signal that maintains wakefullness

Question 19

increase in PaCO2 in sleep is due to

Answer 19

alveolar hypoventilation

Question 19

changes in parathyroid hormone with sleep

Answer 19

increased in sleep

peaks 2-4:00am

Question 21

patadoxical respiration

Answer 21

rib cage inward, abdomen outward

Question 22

breathing pattern in sleep stages

1

2

3

4

Answer 22

1 and 2 - periodic breathing

3-4 - regular breathign

Question 23

REM sleep occurs when reduced NE and 5HT releases inhibition of ___ and ___ neurons that activate REM system

Answer 23

pontine PPT and LDT cholinergic neurons

Question 24

changes in sleep architecture, neonates and elderly

Answer 24

neonates - large portion of REM

elderly - very little stage 4, 3,

fractionated sleep - 10-15 cycles per night (vs 5)

Question 25

reseting of circadian cycles mediated through

Answer 25

photoreceptors in retina sending signals to scn

Question 26

___ neurons in the raphe pallidus and ____ neruons in locus coeruleus are wake promoting

Answer 26

serotoninergic neurons in raphe pallidus

noradrenergic neurons in locus coeruleus

Question 27

functions of ___ sleep include

growth, tissue repair, clearance of wasts

enhancement of immune system

restoration of cerebral energy stores

Answer 27

NREM