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Pharmacology > Intro to Pharmacology > Flashcards

Intro to Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

How can drugs affect PT

A
  • Hindering therapy (decrease exercise tolerance)
  • Facilitating therapy (decrease pain or attention )
  • Contributes to pt safety
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2
Q

what is a schedule 1 drug classification definition

A

Drugs that are not currently accepted in medical use and have the highest potential for abuse

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3
Q

what is a schedule 2 drug classification definition

A

drugs that are accepted for medical use however they tend to have a high potential for abuse

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4
Q

what is a schedule 3 drug classification definition

A

Moderate or lower abuse potential then schedule 2 drugs

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5
Q

what is a schedule 4 drug classification definition

A

Lower abuse potential then schedule 3 drugs

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6
Q

what is a schedule 5 drug classification definition

A

the lowest abuse potential

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7
Q

what is an example of a schedule 1 drug classification

A

weed

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8
Q

what is an example of a schedule 2 drug classification

A

Fentanyl

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9
Q

what is an example of a schedule 3 drug classification

A

Ketamine

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10
Q

what is an example of a schedule 4 drug classification

A

Lorazepam

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11
Q

what is an example of a schedule 5 drug classification

A

Pregabalin

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12
Q

what are examples of natural sources of drugs

A

plants, animals, marine organisms, minerals, microorganisms

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13
Q

what are examples of chemical sources of drugs

A

Semi-synthetic and Fully synthetic

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14
Q

what are examples of biotechnological sources of drugs

A

monoclonal antibodies, recombinant proteins , gene therapy

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15
Q

when is it safe to substitute generic Ds for Brand name

A

it has the same type and amount of active ingredients, same pharmacokinetic profile, same administration route, and same therapeutic effects

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16
Q

what is off label prescribing

A

using a drug to treat a condition that it is was not originally approved to treat. Ex: anti-seizure medication (gabapentin) for chronic pain

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17
Q

what is pharmacokinetics (PK)

A

“what the body does to the drug”; the movement of the drug through the body (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion)

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18
Q

what is pharmacodynamics (PD)

A

” what the drug does to the body” ; how the drug effects the body. Cellular and systemic effects of the drug.

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19
Q

Toxicology

A

the study of the toxic effect of medication

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20
Q

what is pharmacotherapeutics

A

the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the drug

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21
Q

what is the main organ for metabolism of a drug

A

the liver

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22
Q

what is the main organ for excretion of a drug

A

the kidneys

23
Q

what is the bioavailability of a drug

A

the amount that the drug can gain access to the systemic circuit through absorption. the percentage of blood that enters the blood stream.

24
Q

what are some things that can impact absorption

A
  • Stomach acidity
  • Gastric emptying
  • Surface Area
  • GI enzymes
  • Developmental changes
25
Q

what is one way to achieve 100% bioavailability?

A

through IV administering of the medication

26
Q

what is passive diffusion

A

the movement of molecules through the concentration gradient. Usually smaller molecules

27
Q

what is active transport

A

the movement of molecules against their concentration gradient. Uses ATP

28
Q

what does bioavailability/ absorption depend on

A
  • the route of administration
  • the drugs ability to cross membrane barriers
29
Q

what are some things that can impact drug distribution?

A
  • tissue permeability
  • blood flow
  • binding to plasma proteins
  • binding to sub cellular components
30
Q

what are the tissues that drugs can be stored in?

A
  • adipose
  • bone
  • muscle
  • bones
31
Q

what is the definition of volume of distribution (Vd)

A

ratio expressing the amount of drug administered divided by the concentration of drug in plasma.

32
Q

what does the increase in drug bond to plasma proteins or subcellular components due

A

decrease the volume of distribution

33
Q

what are the 2 mechanisms of filtration

A
  • glomerular filtration
  • tubular secretion
34
Q

what are the family of enzymes in the liver that are responsible for biotransformation?

A

Cytochrome P450 (CYP)

35
Q

what does CYP-inhibition (Valproic acid Fluoxetine) do

A

decrease the metabolism of a drug and lead to toxicity

36
Q

what does CYP-inductions (Rifampin Carbamazepine) do

A

increase the metabolism of a drug

37
Q

what is phase 1 of drug metabolism

A

oxidation reduction (breakdown of the molecule) using CYP450

38
Q

what kind of drugs are reabsorbed in the kidney?

A

lipid soluble drugs

39
Q

what is phase 2 of drug metabolism

A

make the molecule more water soluble

40
Q

what is the definition of drug clearance

A

the ability of all organs and tissues to eliminate the drug or the ability of a single organ or tissue to eliminate the drug

41
Q

what is the definition of drug half life

A

the amount of time required for 50% of the drug remaining in the body to be eliminated

42
Q

what are some things that can impact the bodies response to drugs

A
  • genetics
  • disease especially liver or kidneys
  • age
  • diet
  • gender
  • drug interactions
43
Q

drug absorption in infants

A
  • less acidic stomachs (increases bioavailability of acid labile drugs)
  • delayed gastric emptying (increases time to reach therapeutic concentrations)
  • larger relative skin surface area
  • thinner stratum corneum (increased absorption of topicals)
44
Q

drug metabolism in infants

A

hepatic enzyme activity 50-70% of adults

45
Q

drug excretion in infants

A

glomerular filtration and tubular secretion decreased

46
Q

drug absorption in elderly

A
  • increased gastric pH versus adult
  • delayed gastric emptying
47
Q

drug distribution in elderly

A
  • increase adipose tissue
  • decreased serum albumin binding
48
Q

drug excretion in elderly

A

decreased glomerular filtration and tubular secretion

49
Q

what is the therapeutic window

A

the area/ dosage between the minimal effective dose and the dose of adverse response/toxicity

50
Q

Median Effective Dose (E50)

A

the dose at which 50% of the population responds to the drug in a specific manner

51
Q

median toxic dose (T50)

A

the dose at which 50% of the group exhibits the adverse reaction

52
Q

median lethal dose (L50)

A

dose that causes death in 50% of the group

53
Q

what is the equation for therapeutic index (TI)

A

TI = TD50/ED50

54
Q

what is the definition of Therapeutic Index (TI)

A

an indicator of the drugs safety. The greater the Ti the safer the drug is

Pharmacology (3 decks)

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