Intro to Pharmacology Flashcards
How can drugs affect PT
- Hindering therapy (decrease exercise tolerance)
- Facilitating therapy (decrease pain or attention )
- Contributes to pt safety
what is a schedule 1 drug classification definition
Drugs that are not currently accepted in medical use and have the highest potential for abuse
what is a schedule 2 drug classification definition
drugs that are accepted for medical use however they tend to have a high potential for abuse
what is a schedule 3 drug classification definition
Moderate or lower abuse potential then schedule 2 drugs
what is a schedule 4 drug classification definition
Lower abuse potential then schedule 3 drugs
what is a schedule 5 drug classification definition
the lowest abuse potential
what is an example of a schedule 1 drug classification
weed
what is an example of a schedule 2 drug classification
Fentanyl
what is an example of a schedule 3 drug classification
Ketamine
what is an example of a schedule 4 drug classification
Lorazepam
what is an example of a schedule 5 drug classification
Pregabalin
what are examples of natural sources of drugs
plants, animals, marine organisms, minerals, microorganisms
what are examples of chemical sources of drugs
Semi-synthetic and Fully synthetic
what are examples of biotechnological sources of drugs
monoclonal antibodies, recombinant proteins , gene therapy
when is it safe to substitute generic Ds for Brand name
it has the same type and amount of active ingredients, same pharmacokinetic profile, same administration route, and same therapeutic effects
what is off label prescribing
using a drug to treat a condition that it is was not originally approved to treat. Ex: anti-seizure medication (gabapentin) for chronic pain
what is pharmacokinetics (PK)
“what the body does to the drug”; the movement of the drug through the body (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion)
what is pharmacodynamics (PD)
” what the drug does to the body” ; how the drug effects the body. Cellular and systemic effects of the drug.
Toxicology
the study of the toxic effect of medication
what is pharmacotherapeutics
the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the drug
what is the main organ for metabolism of a drug
the liver
what is the main organ for excretion of a drug
the kidneys
what is the bioavailability of a drug
the amount that the drug can gain access to the systemic circuit through absorption. the percentage of blood that enters the blood stream.
what are some things that can impact absorption
- Stomach acidity
- Gastric emptying
- Surface Area
- GI enzymes
- Developmental changes
what is one way to achieve 100% bioavailability?
through IV administering of the medication
what is passive diffusion
the movement of molecules through the concentration gradient. Usually smaller molecules
what is active transport
the movement of molecules against their concentration gradient. Uses ATP
what does bioavailability/ absorption depend on
- the route of administration
- the drugs ability to cross membrane barriers
what are some things that can impact drug distribution?
- tissue permeability
- blood flow
- binding to plasma proteins
- binding to sub cellular components
what are the tissues that drugs can be stored in?
- adipose
- bone
- muscle
- bones
what is the definition of volume of distribution (Vd)
ratio expressing the amount of drug administered divided by the concentration of drug in plasma.
what does the increase in drug bond to plasma proteins or subcellular components due
decrease the volume of distribution
what are the 2 mechanisms of filtration
- glomerular filtration
- tubular secretion
what are the family of enzymes in the liver that are responsible for biotransformation?
Cytochrome P450 (CYP)
what does CYP-inhibition (Valproic acid Fluoxetine) do
decrease the metabolism of a drug and lead to toxicity
what does CYP-inductions (Rifampin Carbamazepine) do
increase the metabolism of a drug
what is phase 1 of drug metabolism
oxidation reduction (breakdown of the molecule) using CYP450
what kind of drugs are reabsorbed in the kidney?
lipid soluble drugs
what is phase 2 of drug metabolism
make the molecule more water soluble
what is the definition of drug clearance
the ability of all organs and tissues to eliminate the drug or the ability of a single organ or tissue to eliminate the drug
what is the definition of drug half life
the amount of time required for 50% of the drug remaining in the body to be eliminated
what are some things that can impact the bodies response to drugs
- genetics
- disease especially liver or kidneys
- age
- diet
- gender
- drug interactions
drug absorption in infants
- less acidic stomachs (increases bioavailability of acid labile drugs)
- delayed gastric emptying (increases time to reach therapeutic concentrations)
- larger relative skin surface area
- thinner stratum corneum (increased absorption of topicals)
drug metabolism in infants
hepatic enzyme activity 50-70% of adults
drug excretion in infants
glomerular filtration and tubular secretion decreased
drug absorption in elderly
- increased gastric pH versus adult
- delayed gastric emptying
drug distribution in elderly
- increase adipose tissue
- decreased serum albumin binding
drug excretion in elderly
decreased glomerular filtration and tubular secretion
what is the therapeutic window
the area/ dosage between the minimal effective dose and the dose of adverse response/toxicity
Median Effective Dose (E50)
the dose at which 50% of the population responds to the drug in a specific manner
median toxic dose (T50)
the dose at which 50% of the group exhibits the adverse reaction
median lethal dose (L50)
dose that causes death in 50% of the group
what is the equation for therapeutic index (TI)
TI = TD50/ED50
what is the definition of Therapeutic Index (TI)
an indicator of the drugs safety. The greater the Ti the safer the drug is
