Industrial and post industrial development of sport 1780-1900

Question 1

What was sport now called?

Answer 1

Rational Recreation

Question 2

What was the industrial revolution like and how did it effect people?

Answer 2

This was a key time in Britain as it led to population being more concentrated in city’s and towns as people moved further away from the countryside. This was because work was mainly based in the city’s and towns instead of the countryside.

Question 3

What is a rational recreation?

Answer 3

In the 19th century these were sports pastimes for the lower classes which were designed by the middle class to be well ordered, organised and controlled.

Question 4

What were the negative effects of rationalised sport for the first half of the 19th century?

Answer 4

1- Lack of leisure time - led to 12 hour working days 6 times a week due to it being powered by machines.
2- Migration of the lower classes to the cities - Looking for work in the new factories built which led to a lack of space to play traditional sports such as mob football.
3- Lack of income - wages were low and poverty was evident, with little spare money for leisure activities.
4- A lack of public provisions - No access to private facilities or no personal equipment for the lower class.
5- Poor health - Along with poor work and living conditions it led to many people being ill and therefore, people didn’t have the energy to play these sports.
6- Loss of rights - Restrictions were placed on mob games and blood sports by change in criminal law.

Question 5

How to remember
HITFOR

Answer 5

H - Poor Health And Hygiene
I - Lack of Income
T - Lack of Time
F - Facility provisions were lacking
O - Overcrowding and lack of space
R - Loss of Rights

Question 6

What were the improvements in the second half of the industrial revolution? (1850-1900)

Answer 6

1 - Health and Hygiene - Gradual improvements of working conditions and so local public baths were put in place to help stop / limit spread of disease so more people had energy to play sports.
2 - Gradual increase in wages and more time for sports - ‘The Factory Act’ and Saturday half days being provided to workers.
3 - Development of the middle classes - Self made men who too advantage of the new business opportunities. This changed way of behaviours when playing sports. Was played at a higher moral code. They developed strict rules, leagues and competitions while also providing public facilities.
4 - Influence of the Ex public school boys - church helped promote sport.
5 - The values of athleticism - physical endeavour with moral integrity spread to the lower class. Things such as sportsmanship and always working hard but with fair play.
6 - Industrial patronage - Kind factory owners becoming patrons of sport for the working class by providing support in many different ways. This led to provisions for recreation and sport - factory teams were created with sporting facilities being set up.
7 - Improvements in transport and communications - development and steam trains were introduced meaning people could play further away. Fixtures and results were published in local papers.
8 - It became cheaper to travel - so participation and spectators increased as more people could afford to pay and watch especially with the increased in wages.

Question 7

What is the Wenlock Olympian games

Answer 7

Dr William Penny Brookes was the founder of the Wenlock games who was born in 1850. The Wenlock games promoted physical activity for all ganders and ages and was therefore, introduced into peoples school curriculum. There was a mixtures of different traditional events such as football, cricket and athletics while medals and silverware was given out to winners to promote competitiveness. Pageantry and celebrations were also important whereby, a band would lead a march of flag bearers and Olympic hymens were sung. A crown of laurel leaves were placed on the head of the winner of the games. They founded the national Olympic association who held their first festival in 1866 at the crystal palace which 10,000 spectators occurred.

Question 8

What is urbanisation?

Answer 8

Urbanisation is large numbers of people migrating into towns and city’s to find work regular work in the factories.

Question 9

What impact did urbanisation have?

Answer 9

Due to a large working class population it meant that mass entertainment was needed while a lack space was created the need for development of purpose built facilities.

Question 10

How did transport influence the spread/interest of sport?

Answer 10

1 - steam trains and railways were built meaning spectators and participants could watch games further away and spread interest in sport.
2 - Field sports, climbing and walking became more accessible via improved access to the countryside.
3 - Employers often sponsored excursions to the seaside and countryside.
4 - Due to transport being more accessible it became more affordable to travel and leagues were then created as people could travel all over the country.

Question 11

How did the church influence sport?

Answer 11

1- Church started providing facilities for people such as sports halls for people to participate in sports.
2- Encouraged civilised behaviour - the shift in behaviour from popular recreations to rational recreations for example, no drinking or gambling.
3 - Increase attendance of at church ceremonies and holy days. Therefore, increase power they hold.
4- Church organised sports teams such as football teams to allow access of sports to others.

Question 12

How did the church influence teams today?

Answer 12

Aston Villa - Originated from Villa cross Methodist Church
Southampton

Question 13

Why did society change from a 2 tier society to 3 tier?

Answer 13

Middle class were working class self made individuals and they had some empathy and concerns for the working class. Middle class helped develop sport.

Question 14

What is codification?

Answer 14

The development of strict rules as public schools and university old boys played a key role in the formation of many National Governing Bodies of sport.

Question 15

What is competition?

Answer 15

The development of leagues and competitions via the middle class involvement in schools/universities/clubs/NGB’s/ factory/church teams.

Question 16

What is increase leisure time?

Answer 16

Workers were given more time off by the middle classes to participate in sport.

Question 17

What is move to professionalism?

Answer 17

The middle classes helped in the development of early commercial/professional sport (acting as agents, promoters in athletics, factory owners setting up teams and paying broken time payments in football.

Question 18

What is a philanthropist?

Answer 18

Kind, generous , middle class individuals who had a social conscience and were keen to try provide for a better life among the working.

Question 19

What’s the British Empire?

Answer 19

1- This is a term that is used to describe all the places that Britain were once ruled by e.g Canada, new Zealand, Africa
2- Began to take shape in the 17th century with the settlement of north America and the smaller islands of the Caribbean.
3-

Question 20

Development of sport through the British Empire…

Answer 20

1- English public schools played an important role in the export of the games ethics around the globe.
2 - Sport was seen as a very good and powerful way of instilling moral values into people across the world.
3- It also helped bind various people of the empire together.
4- Young men educated to become leaders of the British Empire spread the playing of games in a number of different ways

Question 21

Who helped spread sport through the British Empire?

Answer 21

1- Teachers - They developed teams and taught traditional sporting values.
2- Clergy - they developed churched teams or became missionaries and took sport abroad.
3- Factory workers/industrials - set up teams - gave workers time off to compete.
4- Diplomats - they travelled the world and took sport with them.
5- They developed the national governing bodies of sport - codified sports - established leagues and competitions that eventually went internationally.
6- As officers in the British army - sport was spread throughout the army.

Question 22

Why was there a development of the National Governing Bodies?

Answer 22

1 - Sport was becoming increasingly popular with more widespread playing of sports teams.
2- More teams and clubs were being formed.
3- Leagues and competitions were required for these teams to compete in.
4- More national and international fixtures.
5- Nationally agreed rules and codifications.
6- Maintenance of the amateur ideal to deal with professionalism and early commercialisation of sport and the desire to maintain control of sport among the middle/upper classes exclusively via occupation. Where the middle and upper classes were able to set rules of eligibility to exclude the working class.

Question 23

Why did some GNB’s try to prevent professionals from competing in their sport?

Answer 23

1 - Due to the desire of the upper class/middle class to maintain control of sport.
2- To preserve amateur ideal in sport.
3- To maintain exclusivity - didn’t want to mix the upper/middle class with the lower class.
4- They didn’t like losing to lower working class (professionals).

Question 24

What is an Amateur?

Answer 24

A person who played sports for the love of it and receives no financial gain.

Question 25

What is a professional?

Answer 25

A personal who plays sport for financial gain.

Question 26

What were the values of an amateur?

Answer 26

1- Manliness - robustness, striving for physical endeavour.
2- Appreciating the values of health and fitness.
3- Appreciating the values of rule regulated activity.
4- High moral integrity.

Question 27

What are the characteristics of a gentleman amateur?

Answer 27

1- Being a respected member of society with a public school background; high status in sport reflected by high status in society.
2- Belonging to the social elite, having wealth and plenty of free time for sport.
3- Participation in sport was viewed as a character-building exercise.
4- Playing a range of sports using their natural talents.
5- Playing sports to a high moral code.

Question 28

What are working class ‘professionals’?

Answer 28

As sports such as football became increasingly popular and the working classes had increased time and wages, the demand for spectator sports increased.

1 - Working class had lower status and could not afford to play sport.
2 - The working class professionals came from poor backgrounds.
3 - They were perceived to be corruptible as they were controlled by money (take a bribe to throw a fight)
4 - Early professionals in walking/running races, were paid according to results.
5 - Foul play and gamesmanship were used to try to gain an advantage and increase the chances of winning (stretching the rules)

Question 29

Gentleman amateur (Rugby Union)

Answer 29

1 - Upper class/middle class
2 -Wealthy
3 - Lots of free time
4 - No desire to improve performance
5 - High morality: emphasis on taking part/fair play/sportsmanship

Question 30

Working class professionals (Rugby League)

Answer 30

1 - Lower class
2 - Poor
3 - Very little free time
4 - Committed to train and perform as well as possible
5 - Low morality: winning was all important; open to bribes/would cheat to win.

Question 31

What are the positive impacts of 19th century professionalism on sports development?

Answer 31

1 - As poorest members of society, had to be paid a wage for time off working and representing their factory, broken time payments emerged.
2 - They were paid based on their result so performance developed as a result of training.
3 - Earning money from sport was seen as an avenue for ‘social mobility’
4 - Professionalism slowly developed at the end of the 19th century e.g. employment in a factory was sometimes based on talent to play sport.

Question 32

What is a ‘Modern day’ amateur?

Answer 32

As the 20th century progressed, the amateurs began to lose some of their status and power in sport. Society slowly began to be based more on equality of opportunity, with achievements based more on merit and personal performance standards.

Question 33

What are the modern-day of the late twentieth, early twenty-first centuries amateurs?

Answer 33

1 - Performance at the top level in most sports is open to all.
2 - Some amateurs receive finance to pay for training expenses.
3 - These tend to be lower status than professionals.
4 - Some high level performers are still not professionals.
5 - National lottery/sport aid grants to help support amateurs.
6 - There has been a blurring of amateur and professionals.

Question 34

What are the positives of modern-day amateurism?

Answer 34

1- Codes of amateurism are still evident in British sport via fair play/sportsmanship
2 - It is viewed positively and promoted in a number of ways. For example shaking of hands at the end of a game.
3 - Sports like rugby maintained their amateurism until late into twentieth century and still have codes based on such principles (calling a referee sir).

Question 35

What are the characteristics of a ‘Modern-Day’ professional?

Answer 35

1 - All classes can compete: social class is no longer a barrier to success.
2 - People are now respected for their talents and efforts in reaching the top.
3 - There are high rewards for professionals through media and sponsorship.
4 - Celebrity status: many professionals are very wealthy, materialism is highly valued by many in modern-day society.
5 - Positive role models, act as motivators.
6 - More spectators attend mat chess, with easier, more affordable travel.

Question 36

To maximise the chance of success, funding is required to support the development of elite level performers.

Explain how the middle classes supported the developments in sport during the 19th century.

Answer 36

The middle class was created by school boys wanting to carry on playing sports once they had left university. The first way the middle classes supported the development in sport in the 19th century is by developing different leagues for teams to compete in. Secondly, there was the improvement of purposeful built facilities which allowed the teams to play and train. Therefore, each team was not at a disadvantage as they were all allowed to have equal time to train. A final way the middle classes supported the development in sport is by the development of morals and values. Therefore, this meant that more sportsmanship was introduced meaning there was a minimal amount of cheating taking place.

Question 37

Evaluate the extent to which British rule over an ‘empire’ played in the spreading of sporting ideas throughout the world in the 19th century.

Answer 37

Due to the British Empire ruling over certain countries in the 19th century it led to more people being exposed to sport. This was done by British public school boys and university old boys who spread sporting values across the empire. Firstly, teachers made an impact on team development and the values at which the sport was played at. Therefore, the British empire was able to provide worldwide opportunities. Secondly, the clergy also helped spread sport in the British Empire by the development of church teams while also becoming missionaries. As a result, due to there being many stakeholders such as teachers and the clergy it allowed them to spread the concepts of the games to each part of the empire. Thirdly, due to the British army consistently travelling they would have played sport while having leisure time in the empire. Consequently, this meant sports such as association football could be picked up by countries in all corners of the globe. Finally, diplomats travelled the world and took ideas with them. As a result of this the diplomats were able to introduce these ideas to the empire who would then take this into their own games when travelling. This meant that more people around the globe would see these adaptations and implement it into theirs.

Question 38

During the 19th century, many sports’ governing bodies were established.

Explain the factors that led to the emergence of national governing bodies, such as the Football Association, during the 19th century.

Answer 38

National governing bodies were formed by old boys or public school boys who left school and wanted to continue to play their desired sport. One factor which led to the emergence of governing bodies was by their needing to be a codification of rules. Therefore, this was to establish a nationally recognised set of rules to increase the growth of national recreation. A second factor which led to the emergence of governing bodies was by introducing exclusion. For example, working classes were often excluded on amateur grounds while similarly women were often excluded and banned which increased exclusivity. A third factor was also due to there middle classes. This was because, the middle classes wanted control while the moral force in society tended to form clubs and NGB’s. A final factor was due to amateur and professionals eligibility. Consequently, the development of professional codes led to increased numbers of NGB’s. For example, the Rugby Union and Rugby League.

Question 39

Explain the impact of each of the following social and cultural factors on the development and spread of rational recreation during the 19th century:

*public provision
*communications

Answer 39

Public Provisions.

Public provisions were put in place by the middle class to increase popularity of sport. Firstly, one public provision put in place was the provision of parks and baths. Therefore, this increased overall health and hygiene of society which allowed them to live healthier lives while also being able to play maximise the amount of sport they could play. Similarly, due to society being allowed to use public parks it meant they could maximise their training opportunities to give them the best skill set. A second public provision put in place was there being an increase in approval and encouragement by the middle class. For example, mob football was banned due to it being deemed as dangerous due to many injures occurring. Similarly, social control was massive and the NGB’s wanted to control what ‘types’ of people played which depending on whether you are in the upper class, middle class or lower class.

Communications.

Communications were positively increased in the 19th century allowing people to know more about what was going on. Firstly, there was an improvement of media and newspapers. As a result, this raised awareness of sport and different role models meaning more people wanted to participate. A second communication which was improved was railways and transport. Therefore, this allowed teams to be transported more easily to face different teams in competitions. Similarly, this also allowed spectators to travel to their teams games which increased the amount of people watching and getting involved. A final, communication which was improved was road development. Consequently, this helped activities such as cycling as more routes were accessible to the public.

Question 40

Modern day amateurs of the late twentieth early twenty-first centuries

Answer 40

1 - These tended to be of a lower status
2 - Some high level performers are still not professional (gymnasts)
3 - Performance at the top level is now open to all
4 - Achievement is based on merit
5 - Some amateurs received finance to pay for training and match day expenses.

Question 41

Why was football rationalised?

Answer 41

1 - Urbanisation - large numbers of people living in one place gave a large captive audience. Purpose built facilities.
2 - More free time - less time working in the factories. 3pm day afternoon.
3 - Improved transport - fans were able to travel to com petition such as the FA cup which started in 1871-1872 season.
4 - Increased organisations - highly structured rules, leagues, teams (churches and factories) e.g.
5 - Social class links - middle class influence and approval gave football more respectability (higher moral code and etiquette)
6 - Increased professionalism - play professionally via broken work time payments FA recognised professionals in 1885 and was looked upon as a way of getting people out of factory system.

Question 42

What were the developments in the 20th century?

Answer 42

1 - In the first half of the twentieth century, sport alongside the radio and cinema became part of a commercial mass entertainment industry.
2 - BBC began its live coverage of sports in 1927.
3 - Football became Britains major sporting activity.
4 - In the 1900 maximum wage was set at 4 pounds a week.
5 - The key time period for professional footballers was during the mid twentieth century when maximum wage was abolished as the result of a strike from the PFA.
6 - More recently, in the late 20/21 century football has undergone a massive increase in commercialisation with far more media, TV, internet coverage.
7 - Salaries have increased massively with the Bosman ruling giving players freedom of contract.
8 - Transport has continued to develop.
9 - Technology has developed (Hawkeye/goal decision system)

Question 43

Who is Bosman and what is the Bosman ruling?

Answer 43

A European Court of justice decision made on the 15th December 1995 concerning freedom of movement for workers. An important decision as it allowed the freedom movement of labour in the European Union. It effectively allowed footballers within the EU to move at the end of their contract to another club without a transfer being paid.

Question 44

Overall justification of Bosman ruling

Answer 44

The Bosman ruling has shaped the way sports performers, particular footballers are treated today. On the 15th of December 1955 a European court of justice made an important decision to allow the freedom of movement of labour in the European Union. Therefore, this effectively allowed footballers within the EU to move at the end of their contract to another club without a transfer being paid. Bosman put this forward in the first place following a 75% reduction in wages due to him wanting to leave Belgium side RC Liège. This would have resulted in Bosman being on the minimum salary permitted by the URBSFA. The 75% wage reduction was caused due to Bosman wanting to leave for French side Dunkerque however, there was a failure of a clearance certificate forcing Bosman to stay. Following a successful case through many different stages he finally reached the appeal court in Liège where he sought financial compensation from Liège the URBSFA and UEFA. As a result, it finally allowed players to move on for free without a fee having to be agreed between clubs. This has allowed players such as sol Campbell big moves to clubs for him to continue playing.

Question 45

Can you identify the social cultural influences for women to play football?

Answer 45

In the UK, football has become increasingly available to women. A number of socio-cultural factors can be identified which have led to an increase in opportunities for women to participate and process through to elite level in modern sports.

Question 46

Why are more women participating in sport/football?

Answer 46

1 - Increased Media Coverage - BT sport provides live coverage of Women’s super League.
2 - More female role models - As performers, coaches and officials.
3 - More provision via school PE programmes - National curriculum PE lessons as well as via extra curricular opportunities.
4 - Increased approval/encouragement via the FA - The women’s national team are supported by the FA, the FA Cup Final was held at Wembley for the first time in 2025.
5 - More clubs are forming - Local and professional levels.
6 - Increased participation - Grass roots level as well as elite level.
7 - More free time - Traditional domestic responsibility role as decreased.

Question 47

Elie female officials in football

Answer 47

There is now a clear pathway for women to officiate in games however, back in the day women were not able to officiate or be involved.

Question 48

How did the rationalisation of Association Football change the game in the 19th century?

Answer 48

In the 19th century sport became increasingly more popular due a change in rules and regulations. One reason for this is due to the industrial revolution occurring meaning there were more job opportunities in the city. As a result, urbanisation occurred which is the movement of people into towns and cities. However, due to people moving to cities it meant that there was a limited amount of green space available to society resulting in purposefully built facilities being made. A second reason for how the game was changed was due to an increase in free time. This was because, working people were given an increase in leisure time meaning they didn’t have to work as long. As a result, this meant people played a lot more football which increased its popularity. Similarly, this also led to people having more time to support their local teams. Thirdly, due to the rationalisation of association football changing it meant there was an increased in professionalism. Consequently, this meant that there was more opportunities for people to play football professionally as their only job. This also links to the Bosman ruling were players were eventually allowed to leave there clubs for free tab the end of their contracts instead of a fee being agreed.

Question 49

Suggest three reasons why women’s participation in football has increased during the 20th century through to the current day?

Answer 49

One reason why women’s participation in football has increased is due to there being more female role models over time. For example, there has been an increase in the amount of female professionals meaning the younger generations may feel more encouraged to play. Therefore, this means an increase in both participation levels and also viewers as more people will be interested in the next up and coming female professional. A second reason why women’s participation in football has increased is due to there being an increase with the amount of clubs being formed. Therefore, this has led to there being more opportunities for women to participate in sport. Similarly, this has led to younger generations having more opportunities to play meaning they can develop their skill set sooner. A final reason why there has been an increase in the amount of female participation is due to there being an increase in provisions via school PE programmes. For example, there has been an increase in national curriculum PE lessons as well as extra curricular opportunities. As a result, this has allowed younger girls to have a taste in the sport while also becoming fitter and more active.
Overall, there has been a huge increase in women’s participation in all sports. A big mile stone to show this is the women’s FA Cup Final being hosted at Wembley in 2015.

Question 50

How was Real Tennis rationalised and developed into the modern-day game of Lawn Tennis?

Answer 50

1 - Was a middle class invention because they aspired to be like the upper class but were excluded to play Real Tennis.
2 - Major Walter Clopton Wingfield patented his game of tennis on 23rd Feb 1874.
3 - This suited the middle classes due to suburban housing with lawn gardens as appropriate venues for tennis court. (The lower class were initially excluded from participation)
4 - The middle class established private tennis courts where gardens were deemed unsuitable to house a tennis court.
5 - Lawn tennis was first introduced at Wimbledon in 1977.
6 - Female participation was first allowed in 1884 helping to overcome suppression and negative stereotypes.
7 - Positive female roles models inspired participation e.g. Lottie Dodd won five ladies singles titles in the late 19th century.

Question 51

What is Lawn Tennis?

Answer 51

Originally called sphairistike and played on an hourglass shaped court before its name and the court shape was quickly replaced.

Question 52

Key factors about Lawn Tennis

Answer 52

1 - Played by the middle class - suburban gardens on lawn big enough to house or private tennis courts
2 - Middle class invention - affordable alternative to real tennis
3 - Organised by the middle class - had experience to set up private clubs
4 - It eventually spread to the lower class cos public parks
5 - Played by males and females - tennis allowed social and gender mixing.
6 - Use of standardised rules.
7 - Use of specialist equipment - It cost g=five guineas (21 shillings or £1.05) and included net balls racquets, and poles for the net.

Question 53

Elite Female Tennis players

Answer 53

1 - WTA illustrates how tennis can be viewed as one of a few sports in which female professional performers played a significant part.
2 - WTA and a number of women decided to create their own tour away from the mens in a pay dispute. This was developed in the late 20th century.
3 - This provided ground-breaking opportunities for women to play at the top level, eventually earning millions of pounds through tournament earnings and sponsorship deals.
4 - This grew to worldwide sponsorship deals and media coverage in the 21st century.

Question 54

What does Open era mean?

Answer 54

When professional tennis players were allowed to compete alongside amateurs.

Question 55

How was Athletics rationalised and developed into track and field athletics?

Answer 55

1 - The industrialisation of society led to rural fairs being replaced by urban fairs, as people migrated in large numbers to towns and cities for work.
2 - Athletics became popular in such towns and cities, with purpose built tracks and facilities built in the mid nineteenth century.
3 - Walking and running races took place over set distances and on race courses.
4 - Lots of people started spectating and wagering on athletics events.
5 - Upper and middle class would run for enjoyment as sport was rationalised (amateur sport)
6 - Lower class ran for money and were deemed professionals.
7 - In 1866 The Amateur Athletics Club (AAC) was formed by public schools/ex universities.
8 - They with drew the exclusion clause and opened up the sport to everyone]. A professional became somebody who ran for money as opposed to someone from a working class.

Question 56

Elite Female Athletes

Answer 56

1 - Treatment of women in Athletics remained ‘different’ at best through to the late 20th century.
2 - Track and field athletics was not deemed to be acceptable activity for women as it was un lady like and unable to follow the strict dress code.
3 - Women were still excluded from a number of events in the Olympics.
4 - The marathon was not open for women until Los Angeles in 1984.
5 - The triple jump and the hammer were only open to women in 1996 and Sydney in 2000.
6 - The women’s AAA was not formed until 1922. Women were not allowed to race in events above 800 metres as they were deemed too strenuous.

Question 57

In post-industrial Britain, how did the structure of social classes change?

Answer 57

In post industrial Britain there was the introduction of the middle class due to people leaving higher education while still wanting to play sport. As a result, NGBs were introduced to create a set of strict rules and regulations of a sport which resulted in the formation of the middle class. Consequently, this led to more sporting opportunities for everybody as more purposeful facilities were built allowing people to play sport while also the formation of teams was being presented. A second way as to how the structure of social classes changed was due to urbanisation. This is because, as more people moved away from agricultural land and into cities it presented people with better financial stability. As a result, more people lived in better conditions due to them being able to afford heating, new clothes and many other things. Similarly, this effected the social classes due to the lower class being able to find better jobs which resulted in less of a class divide.

Question 58

Define an ammeter and give some characteristics of ammeter athletes?

Answer 58

An amateur is a person who plays sport for the love of it and receives no financial gain meaning they will have a full time job as as well as playing. One characteristic of an amateur athlete is they will appreciate the values of health and fitness. This is because, without any financial gain the athlete will just want to feel physically fit and strong to allow them to perform at their highest level. A second characteristic of an amateur athlete is they wanted to be a respected member of society with a public school background. This was because, the higher status you had in sport reflected the higher status you had in society. A final characteristic of an Amateur athlete is they often belonged to the social athlete. This meant that due to their being no financial gain they were often already wealthy or came from a wealthy background. Similarly, money was not a worry for these individuals meaning they really just played for the love of the sport unlike some professional athletes. As well as this they used sport as a tool to promote good ethics and morals.

Question 59

Define a professional and give some characteristics of a professional athlete?

Answer 59

A professional athlete is someone who played for financial gain due to their financial situation. During the post industrial development of sport professional athletes were known for their dedication, skill and competitiveness. They trained consistently and at a high level to then showcase their ability in organised competitions. This was because, professional athletes most commonly occurred from the lower class meaning they had to strive for top position to allow them to get paid the most money. If their drive and determination was not at a high level it would mean they would struggle to meet ends met and provide for their family. Professional athletes would most likely play sports such as cricket, boxing and early forms of football due to them having the highest organisation of competitions being formed.
1 - Comes their main form of income, no other job.

Question 60

What are the three aspects of the golden triangle?

Answer 60

1 - Sport
2 - Business
3 - Media

Question 61

Explain the golden triangle?

Answer 61

1 - Sport, the media, business and sponsorship are all strongly inter-linked and mutually dependent - ‘The Golden Triangle’
2 - Each element of the triangle relies on each other.
3 - For instance: without media coverage, sports are less attractive to sponsors who want their business or product to be publicised to as many people as possible.
4 - In turn, businesses and sponsors use the media to advertise their products and services: organisations often pay substantial sums to sport and the media for advertisements.

Question 62

Define commercialism

Answer 62

The process of attempting to gain money from an activity e.g sport.

Question 63

Define sponsorship

Answer 63

When a company pays for their products to be publicly displayed or advertisement, usually as an attempt to increase the sales of there goods.

Question 64

Define merchandising

Answer 64

The practice in which the brand or image from one ‘product’ is used to sell another. e.g professional sport.

Question 65

Commercialisation, Media and Sponsorship

Answer 65

1 - Media interest in certain ‘high profile’ sports - television companies pay huge amounts of money for the right to show a sporting event. E.g sky sports/BT
2 - Sponsorship deals result from television exposure.
3 - Merchandising too relates to media exposure (clothing and equipment)
4 - Governing bodies and other organisations have become multinational companies.

Question 66

What are the characteristics of commercialisation sport?

Answer 66

1 - Wide media coverage - high profile sport, well matched competition, high skill level.
2 - Professional sport - high quality: high skill level.
3 - Sponsorship and business - they go hand in hand.
4 - Athletes as commodities - e.g. assets to companies through product endorsement which bring increased sales.
5 - Contracts - Involving sales, of merchandise and bidding for television rights.
6 - Entertainment - Watching sport is part of a mass entertainment industry.

Question 67

Effects of commercialisation on professional performers.

Answer 67

1 - (POSITIVE) Receive high incomes for sports participation and commercial activities promoting products which gives financial security and allows full-time training and competition.
2 - (NEGATIVE) Must specialise in the sport in order to compete, which requires serious training, dedication and self-archive.
3 - (POSITIVE) Are effectively entertaining who become household names.
4 - (NEGATIVE) Controlled by the sponsor, become public commodities and suffer from a lack of privacy.
5 - (NEGATIVE) Successful results = pay rise.
6 - (POSITIVE) Under pressure to perform when injured.

Question 68

Effects of Commercialisation on sport

Answer 68

1 - Rules and regulations have been changed or introduced to speed up the action and prevent spectator boredom. ( football - multi ball, badminton - score on every point)
2 - Breaks are provided in play so that sponsors can advertise their products and services.
3 - Competition formats have changed (e.g. twnety20 cricket)
4 - Sports played by women receive less coverage, this can have a negative effect in participation. There are fewer roles models and there is less money reinvested into sports at grass roots and professional levels.
5 - The increase in technology gives the spectator a more personal experience.

Question 69

What are the reasons why companies invest large amounts of money into sport?

Answer 69

1 - Increased sales, commercial benefits, increased profit, increased publicity.
2 - Creates an association with excellence at the highest levels of sport.
3 - Increased brand awareness/adds value to the brand Nike golf with Rory Mclloroy.
4 - Gives an opportunity to link to corporate hospitality.
5 - Sponsorships can decrease the amount of tax paid by a company (tax relief)
6 - Creates an association with the healthy image of sports.
7 - Improves company morale.

Question 70

Define Globalisation.

Answer 70

The process whereby nations are increasingly being linked together and people are becoming more independent via improvements in communication and travel.

Question 71

How is Globalisation seen in sport?

Answer 71

1 - Increased pressure on athletes to perform to their best: may lead to use of some illegal substances to maintain performance level.
2 - The spreading of different sports to new nations e.g. the 1994 World Cup was hosted in the USA.
3 - The players are recruited to play for teams in other countries.
4 - The sponsorships of event (e.g. coke cola)

Question 72

What impact has social media had on sport?

Answer 72

1 - Players and fans can globally communicate.
2 - Provides information regarding sport.
3 - Athletes use it to share info and promote their clubs.
4 - Players use social Media to promote themselves attracts universities/clubs.
5 - 2009 Football League launched social media accounts.
6 - Promotes team achievements.
7 - Some players and coaches have got in trouble for inappropriate comments and fines.
8 - Companies are being set up to provide social media at a variety of levels.

Question 73

Outline the negative impact that the industrial Revolution had in sport participation?

Answer 73

One negative impact that the industrial revolution had in sport participation was there was a lack of space for MOB games. This was because, as urbanisation occurred more and more people were moving from the countryside to the city. As a result, the city became more densely populated resulting in less green space to play these MOB games such as MOB football.

Question 74

Describe how availability of time and changing working conditions affected sports participation in post-industrial Britain.

Answer 74

Availability in sport massively increased during the industrial revolution. Firstly, there was gradual improvements to health and hygiene allowing people to be healthier for longer. This was done by implementing local public baths to help stop and limit spread of disease. Consequently, this meant more people had more energy to play sport. A second way availability increased during the industrial revolution was due to the working class experiencing a lot more leisure time. When working in the country side people had to work very long hours and experienced very little leisure time to play the sports they love. However, once the industrial revolution occurred ‘The Factory Act’ and Saturday half days were being provided to workers. A final reason why there was an increase in sport participation was due to industrial patronage. These were kind factory owners becoming patrons of sport for the working class by providing support in many different ways. As a result, this led to provisions for recreation and sport. Consequently, this meant there were more teams available for people to participate in sport. Increasing participation levels.

Question 75

Describe how the availability of money affected sports participation in post-industrial Britain.

Answer 75

One way money affected sports participation was by more people having the accessibility to afford things such as transport. Therefore, this meant that people were able to travel to matches to either support or play. Consequently, this allowed sport to be played over a bigger radius as you could play teams from across the country. A second way as to how money affected sports participation was by there being an increase in leisure time. Due to people being payed higher wages it allowed them to be more flexible with their working hours. Similarly, Saturday half days were being provided to workers allowing them to play sport in the afternoon. A final reason why money affected sports participation was it funded sports infrastructure such as public pitches. As a result, this meant there were more purposeful built facilities for the sports which were free for the community. As a result, people were able to play at a time at which suited them as pitches and courts were always available to them.