Exam questions

Question 1

Explain the difference between primary and secondary socialisation?

Answer 1

Primary socialisation is when a person learns their trade and culture from themselves and others in their family. However, secondary socialisation is when they learn new things from people outside of their family such as teachers or friends. Both of these factors can have a huge impact on sport due to people being taught different play styles. For example, with primary socialisation your family may have told you to play longer ball in football. However, your coaches outside of your family (secondary socialisation) may want you to play out from the back resulting in the child being confused and potentially mislead. In primary socialisation your family may want you to play a certain sport however, in secondary socialisation the school you go to may affect the sport you play.

Question 2

Identify two causes of social inequality and provide a consequence of each cause.

Answer 2

One cause of social inequality would be people becoming unemployed resulting in them not having any security.Poor socioeconomic status. Can’t afford membership and participation fees. Consequently, people will have less leisure time to play sport due to them constantly looking for work so they can survive. Another cause of social inequality is the limitation of women’s sport. This is because, it is increasingly harder to find clubs for women to play sports such as football and rugby. As a result, participation levels in women’s sport is a lot lower to mens due to their being less role models.

Question 3

What is the difference between stereotyping and prejudice?

Answer 3

A stereotype is someone having an opinion on something because they have seen it on the media or passed on by parents. For example, someones parents saying that women are weak and shouldn’t be allowed to compete in weightlifting. However, a prejudice is an opinion or behaving a certain way towards a group or individual. For example, you could think that women aren’t good at working in sales so you do not select a women to work in sales and instead choose a man.

Stereotype is a pre conceived over simplified perception of an individual or a group.
Wheres a prejudice is a previously formed biased opinion which has no evidence to back it up.

Question 4

What does the social action theory suggest?

Answer 4

Formation and maintenance of a society hinges upon social actions.

Question 5

Following this suggestion (previous answer) how can sport have a positive impact on society.

Answer 5

Sport causes there to be lots of interactions due to you travelling to play different teams while also watching it on the TV or media. Consequently, this forms a lot of connections which encourages more community building. Sporting tams provide a great opportunity for social interactions between their members. This enables for a society to be formed with members who have a similar outlook on situations.

Question 6

Health benefits, social benefits and fitness benefits of participating physical activity.

Answer 6

Health benefits include lowering cholesterol levels, managing weight gain (reducing the risk of obesity) also reducing pressure on NHS and also reduces the risk of disease (cardiovascular diseases) Similarly, social benefits include increasing accountability, increases higher standards of yourself due to you feeling better while also lifting up your overall mood (positive body image, opportunity to make new fiends/peers, improved sleeping patterns and quality of sleep). Finally, fitness benefits include getting stronger, improved cardiovascular capacity and limiting the amount of injuries you may receive. Increased flexibility, increased plower, increased speed, reduce BMI.

Question 7

Outline the role that sport England, local partners and national patterns play in increasing sport participation from grass routes level upwards.

Answer 7

Sport England - Provides easy access for facilities while encouraging people to come and join in. This allows people to play free or charge without having to worry about whether or not they can afford it. Works along side local partners, individual county sports partnerships. Based upon the demographic, for example, on the coast you may get more funding for things like kayaking and canoeing.
Local Partners - Allows the up keep of the facilities to be maintained making it a positive environment for anyone to come and compete or take part in a sessions. Local partners distribute wealth, knowledge and sports to schools.
National partners - Receive funding or other support from sport England to reach and target individual groups. This girl can scheme may come under the part.
National Governing Bodies - Provide consistent schemes for people to participate in for example, posting in the media about providing equal opportunities for everyone to participate. Oversees one particular sport over the whole nation in the attempt to increase participation levels for example, in football.

Question 8

Disabled athletes

Answer 8

Barriers - Not a range of sports clubs for disabled athletes to participate in. Some sports have a lack of role models. A solution - for this would be to increase more funding to disabled athletes which allows them to have the same opportunities as there will be more sports clubs. Increase training for coaches so they have a better understanding. National partners - English federation of disability sport.

Question 9

Ethnic Groups.

Answer 9

Certain ethnic groups may experience a lack of cultural understanding and awareness from others. A solution for this would be to educate other children more frequently so that they do not feel uncomfortable. Increase role models. National partners - Sporting equals.

Question 10

Gender

Answer 10

May experience stereotyping such as sports are too muscling for them such as rugby. This means there are less opportunities for women due to them feeling uncomfortable. A solution of this would be to provide gyms or certain activities just for women so they do not feel uncomfortable. National Partners - Women In Sport.

Question 11

Disadvantaged

Answer 11

Clubs now a days can be very expensive and therefore, people may not be able to participate in some teams due to their parents not being bale to afford them. A solution for this is to supply funding to the families so their children can participate in these sports. Similarly, if this is not possible they should take full advantage in free after school activities their school is putting on. National Partners - Street Games

Question 12

What is a primary agent of socialisation?

Answer 12

Immediate family

Question 13

Ethnic minorities may be pushed into certain sports based on assumptions. What is this an example of?

Answer 13

Channelling.

Question 14

Describe the term society and socialisation ?

Answer 14

Society is the organised group of people living together for some specific purpose. This links well to socialisation due to socialisation being a lifelong process where the members of society learn their values and roles in order to take their place in that society. Primary and secondary socialisation is also a factor. Primary is during the early years / childhood and mainly with immediate family. Whereas, secondary socialisation is during the later years such as teenage and adults.

Question 15

Describe, using examples, what you understand by the term social stratification.

Answer 15

Social stratification is defined as society’s categorisation of its people depending on their backgrounds. For example, socioeconomic tiers are based on things such as wealth, income, race and education. Society is divided into different levels.

Question 16

Describe the main concepts within the social action theory?

Answer 16

The social action theory is a way of viewing socialisation by emphasising social action. For example, the interactionist approach is the study by how individuals behave within society and stems from social processes. Firstly, it is said that society is created and maintained through social interactions while secondly, sports are studied in terms of how they are created and given meaning by people. For example, the more interactions there are about football may mean there will be a greater following and increase in participation levels in this sport due to more people talking about it.

Interactions lead to a change in sport - e.g develop equality in sport, e.g. change sport to match social needs.

Question 17

What is discrimination and steortyping and how has to effected sports/people. Give examples. (6)

Answer 17

Discrimination is the unfair treatment of a person or minority group based on stereotype of prejudice. For example, in golf black people may be discriminated and not allowed to play due to it being seen as an ‘upper class’ sport. Consequently, participation levels may be predominantly lower than other sports due to the lack of acceptance from some members. Consequently, this means that the sport golf may not make as much revenue compared to others due to the participation levels being a lot lower.
On the other hand stereotyping is, the over simplified image of a group or person. For example, for a long time women were seen as weak and not fit to play sport. Consequently, this stereotype has stemmed for many years and has led to participation in women’s sport to be minimal. Similarly, women have been previously banned to play sport due to it being seen as manly and only something men should do.

Example of discrimination - Someone with a disability would be discriminated against if they are denied access to a club because they are a wheelchair user. Without the same access as other groups of use/ with reduced confidence / As a result of feeling excluded those with a disability will be less likely to take part in sport.

Question 18

What is meant by the term steortyping and inclusiveness?

Answer 18

Stereotyping is, the over simplified image of a group or person.

Wheres inclusiveness means that all children/people regardless of their ability or disability, should have the opportunity to fully participate in all activities both when in school and out of school.

Mark scheme - Ensuring that their are policies which aim to encourage participation based on individuals needs / make people feel part of their society/

Answer 19

As the table shows from 2005 to 2006 the number of adults who participated in sport once a week was only 1.33 million. This was because, back then there was minimal opportunities from people with disabilities to participate. For example, if someone was interested in wheelchair basketball it would be very difficult to find a club for them to participate in. However, if you compare that to 2015 to 2016 the participation levels were 1.56 million. This is because, things such as wheelchair basketball were a lot more accessible due to more clubs being opened. As a result, this meant more people were able to get their easier without having to stress as much about transport. Similarly, self-confidence is a big thing when playing sport. Consequently, many people from 2005 to 2006 may not have had a lot of self-confidence due to their being a lack of role models. On the other hand, in 2015 to 2016 people are encouraged to play sports no matter what their disability was and would consistently see adverts for disabled people to come down and join their local sporting team. For example the Paralympics was a huge sporting competitions for people with disabilities and would have encouraged many. Consequently, due to their being more adverts it meant people with disabilities wanted to go and join in due to them having more positive role models. Throughout this time the UK government were offering out supportive measures such as funding to people with disabilities so they could afford to go and participate in sport. In 2005 to 2006 the levels of funding supplied was minimal and meant people had to spend a lot of their own money to afford to play sport. However, as I just mentioned from 2015 to 2016 people were supplied with funding so they could get good quality equipment for them to take part.

1 - Lack of adaptive sports
Evaluation - Although there has been an increase rates due to the success of the 2012 Paralympics in London, participation rates for those with a disability are still low due to there still being very few models in disability sport for adults to aspire to. Although there was some media coverage of the Olympics, disability sport still very rarely features on TV and so the impact isn’t as great in participation.