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BDS1 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the organs of the immune system?

A

Thymus- located behind breastbone, T-cells mature
Bone Marrow- Create WBCS
Lymph Nodes- produce and store cells which fight infection and disease
Spleen- Contains WBCS

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2
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

Links key organs

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3
Q

Purpose of lymphatic system

A

-transport clean fluids back to blood
-drain excess fluid
-removes debris from cells of body
-transport fats from digestive system

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4
Q

What is the difference between innate immunity and adaptive immunity?

A

Innnate immunity is the first line of (non specific) defence whilst adaptive immunity is specific and acquired

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5
Q

What are the three components of innate immunity?

A

-epithelium (physical barrier)
-innate cell subsets & complement
-Chemokines/cytokines

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6
Q

What is the difference between chemokines and cytokines?

A

Chemokine-signalling molecule
Cytokine-Cell activation/proliferation

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7
Q

What are the 2 cell types in adaptive immunity?

A

B cells
T cells

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8
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

Provides neurological memory to fight infections again, 4-6 days

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9
Q

What is inflammation?

A

Inflammatory reaction is aimed at eliminating inciting cause eg foreign agent

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10
Q

What are examples of foreign agents?

A

-Invading microorganisms
-particulate material ( dentures, dust)
-altered self cells

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11
Q

What are stages of an inflammatory response?

A

Initiation, response to harmful agent
Progression, containment of harmful agents
Amplification, modulation of immune response
Resolution, healing

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12
Q

Eg of acute inflammation and severe inflammation?

A

Gingivitis and Periodontitis

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13
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

The first line of defence against pathogens

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14
Q

What are commensal organisms?

A

Organisms which don’t cause disease

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15
Q

When does the innate immune response occur?

A

Between 1-4 days

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16
Q

What is non-specific immune system driven by?

A

Innate

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17
Q

How is the innate immune system effective?

A

Regular contact with the potential pathogens which are destroyed within minutes or hours, rarely causing disease

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18
Q

How does epithelium present innate immunity?

A

Produces antimicrobial peptides
Produces cytokines/chemokines

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19
Q

How does innate cell subsets present innate immunity?

A

Phagocytic cells
Antigen presenting cells

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20
Q

What compounds do epithelium in the oral cavity produce?

A

Antimicrobial peptides
Immunoglobins
Lactoferrin
Lysosome
Cystatins

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21
Q

What is the function of antimicrobial peptide?

A

To kill microbes (binding to cell wall, attaching to surface and disrupt membrane) and modulate the immune system.

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22
Q

What is an example of an antimicrobial peptide?

A

B-defensins
Human neutrophil peptides
Cathelicidins
Psoriasin proteins

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23
Q

What is the function of the secretory immunoglobin?

A

Form a protective layer in saliva, preventing pathogens from attaching to epithelium

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24
Q

What is lactoferrin?

A

Glycoprotein that transports iron ions
but has antimicrobial activity. Present in saliva and
produced by neutrophils.

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25
Q

What is lysozyme?

A

Present in saliva and produced by
macrophages/neutrophils. Targets cell walls of
bacteria.

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26
Q

What is cystatins?

A

Anti-protease activity and supports remineralization of the teeth

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27
Q

How do host cells recognise microbes?

A

Cells involved in immune responses have receptors for components of microorganisms ANTIGENS

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28
Q

What is the main receptor that recognises microbes and where are they present?

A

Toll-like receptors
They are present on the surface plasma membrane or inside the cell.

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29
Q

Toll-like receptors present on cell membrane will recognise what?

A

Bacteria and fungal pathogens

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30
Q

Toll-like receptors present inside cell will recognise what?

A

Viruses

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31
Q

What are other types of receptors other than toll-like?

A

– Dectin and glucan receptors – Fungal recognition
– NOD-like receptors – Bacterial recognition
– Protease-activated receptors (PARs) - Microbial and allergen recognition

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32
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Signalling molecules that orchestrate immune responses.

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33
Q

What are the different functions of cytokines?

A

-Autocrine – alter behavior of cell
from which they were secreted
e.g., self-regulating
* Paracrine – alter behavior of
neighboring cells
* Endocrine – enter circulation and
alter behavior of distant cells

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34
Q

What are chemokines?

A

They tell cells where to go

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35
Q

What are chemotaxis?

A

Chemotaxis is the movement of a cell in a direction
corresponding to a gradient of increasing or decreasing
concentration of a particular substance (e.g., chemokines).

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36
Q

What is the main morphological change associated with dental caries?

A

Tooth decay

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37
Q

Where do all myeloid and lymphoid cells originate from?

A

In the bone marrow from a hematopoietic stem cell

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38
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

Thymus

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39
Q

Innate immunity is the first line of which type of defence?

A

Non specific and effective

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40
Q

Adaptive immunity is the first line of which type of defence?

A

Specific and long lived

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41
Q

What is an example of a disease failing to resolve itself?

A

Chronic inflammation

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42
Q

What defence cell circulates in the blood and are precursors for macrophages?

A

Monocytes

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43
Q

When mast cells degranulate what do they release?

A

Histamine

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44
Q

What do neutrophils produce in order to encapsulate microbial cells?

A

NETS

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45
Q

What is the main role of dendritic cells?

A

Antigen presentation

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46
Q

Where is the site of dendritic cell- T cell interaction?

A

Lymph nodes

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47
Q

What is responsible for driving T cell differentiation?

A

MHC Proteins

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48
Q

What is the main role of B cells?

A

Production of antibodies

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49
Q

Epithelial cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts are examples of what type of immune cell?

A

Non- professional immune cells

50
Q

What is the name of the antibody produced at the epithelial surface and found in saliva?

A

Secretory Immunoglobin

51
Q

B defensins and cathelicidins are examples of what?

A

Antimicrobial Peptides

52
Q

The components of microbial cells that elicit an immune response are called?

A

Antigens

53
Q

Dectin and glucan receptors are examples of PAMP’s which recognise what?

A

Components of fungus

54
Q

Cytokines which alter the behaviour of neighbouring cells can be described as?

A

Paracrine cytokines

55
Q

What are chemokines primarily responsible for?

A

Recruitment

56
Q

Why is cytokine/chemokine balance essential?

A

For optimal effectiveness

57
Q

What do neutrophil granules contain?

A

Degradative enzymes and microbial substances

58
Q

What do neutrophils attract to sites of inflammation?

A

IL-8

59
Q

What are cell adhesion molecules?

A

Cells which control interactions between immune cells and endothelial cells

60
Q

What are the three main families of cell adhesion molecules?

A

Selectins
Integrins
Immunoglobin superfamily

61
Q

What is the importance of cell adhesion molecules?

A

Immune trafficking

62
Q

What is the primary function of neutrophils?

A

Engulf and destroy evading pathogens

63
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Clump of nucleic acids

64
Q

What does activation of NETs stimulate neutrophils to do?

A

Release proteins and some genetic material (chromatin) to form extra cellular fibril matrix

65
Q

What do M1 and M2 macrophages do?

A

M1 -proinflammatory cytokines
M2- Inflammatory cytokines

66
Q

What is the primary function of macrophages?

A

Phagocytosis and presentation of antigen to adaptive immune cells

67
Q

What are the two types of antigen presenting cell?

A

-Non-professional (Epithelial cells/fibroblasts/endothelial cells)
-Professional (Macrophages and dendritic cells)

68
Q

What are granules and what may they contain?

A

Vesicles containing preformed mediators; eg
Proteinases
Antimicrobials

69
Q

What is essential for the link between innate and adaptive immune system?

A

Phagocytosis and antigen presentation

70
Q

What are the 4 enzymatic cascade systems of plasma?

A

Complement
Kinins
Coagulation factors
Fibrinolytic system

71
Q

What is ‘complement’?

A

Collection of soluble proteins present in circulation of plasma which drives inflammation or opsonisation

72
Q

What is oponisation?

A

Coating of pathogens by antibodies or complement proteins

73
Q

What are the 3 pathways of ‘complement’?

A

(1)Classical pathway – antibody attached to microbe
(2) Alternative pathway – microbial cell wall
(3) Mannose binding lectin pathway (MBL) – carbohydrates on pathogen surface

74
Q

What are the functions of analphylatoxins?

A

Contraction of smooth muscle
Capillary leakage

75
Q

What enzymes are involved in the 3 pathways of ‘complement’?

A

C3 and C5 Convertase

76
Q

What are analphylatoxins?

A

Glycoproteins such as complement components C3, C4 and C5 (and their fragments) that drive immune responses
Produced by mast cells

77
Q

What immune responses to anaphylatoxins drive?

A

-Promote immune cell recruitment
-Increase adhesion of cells to vessel walls
-Induces granulation
-Promotes cytokine production
-Induces antigen presentation
-Regulate adaptive immune responses

78
Q

What is the function of T cells?

A

Drive cell-mediated immunity

79
Q

What is the function of B cells?

A

Produce antibodies and drive humoral immunity

80
Q

What is meant by humoral?

A

Anything produced by cells i.e. antibodies

81
Q

What are the three main receptors involved in adaptive immunity?

A

-t cell receptors (TCR)
-B cell receptor (Immunoglobulins[Ig])
-Major histocompatibility complex (MHC proteins)

82
Q

Where are T cells derived from and where do they mature?

A

Bone marrow and thymus

83
Q

What do all T cells start as?

A

Naïve T cells

84
Q

What does the variable region of t cell receptors contain?

A

Antigen binding site

85
Q

What are the genes rearranged by in T cell receptors?

A

Somatic recombination

86
Q

What is somatic recombination driven by?

A

RAG (Recombinase) enzymes

87
Q

Why is thymic education important?

A

To stop T cells responding to peptides in own body

88
Q

Where are the T cell receptors arranged?

A

Thymus

89
Q

What is positive selection of the T cell?

A

No recognition= apoptosis (cell destroyed)

90
Q

What is negative T cell selection?

A

Recognition of self antigen= apoptosis

91
Q

What do T cells interact with in the thymus?

A

Thymic cortical epithelial cells

92
Q

Explain the three signals required to activate T cells

A

.

93
Q

Function of TH1 cells?

A

Support macrophage function, by making lots of interferon-gamma

94
Q

Main function of TH2 cells?

A

Produces lots of interleukin-4, 5 and 6 which instruct B cells to produced antibodies

95
Q

Main function of TH17 cells?

A

Produce interleukin 17 and 22 which enhances clearance of extracellular bacteria and fungi

96
Q

Function of T follicular helper cells?

A

Work with B cells for antibody production

97
Q

What is the main function of Treg cells?

A

Release inhibitory cytokines ( interleukin 10)
Inhibit T cell activation and dendritic cell activation

98
Q

What are CD8+ cells driven by?

A

MHC 1 molecule, found on all cell types

99
Q

What enzymes do cytotoxic T cells produce?

A

Granzyme and perforin

100
Q

What is the function of perforin?

A

Facilitate granzyme entry into infected cell, once in cell causes apoptosis

101
Q

What are the five different type of immunoglobins produced by B cells?

A

IgG
IgE
IgD
IgM
IgA

102
Q

Functions of the five classes of immunoglobins!!!!

A
103
Q

How many subsets does IgG have?

A

4

104
Q

What is the difference between T cell and B cell receptor structure?

A

T cell have alpha and beta chains
B cell receptors have heavy and light chains

105
Q

Where do B cells develop?

A

Bone marrow

106
Q

What do the heavy chains involve in B cell receptors?

A

Rearrangement of Variable (V), Diversity (D) and Joining (J) genes

107
Q

What do the light chains involve in B cell receptors?

A

Rearrangement of Variable (V) and Joining (J) genes

108
Q

What is the main immature B cell receptor?

A

IgM

109
Q

What immunoglobins do mature B cells express on the surface?

A

IgM and IgD

110
Q

Where do B cells undergo negative selection?

A

Bone marrow

111
Q

What will happen to self reacting B cells?

A

Macrophages engulf any self-reacting B cells

112
Q

What are the three main functions of antibodies?

A

Neutralization
Opsonization
Initiation of complement

113
Q

What is opsonisation?

A

The coating of pathogens by antibodies or complement proteins
-phagocytosis
-Antibody dependant cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)
-Mast cell degranulation

114
Q

What are the 2 B cell receptors?

A

IgD and IgM

115
Q

Until when are B cells still known as naive?

A

Until they come in contact with an antigen

116
Q

What two ways can B cells be activated?

A

Involving T cells- Thymus-dependant antigens
Thymus-independent antigens

117
Q

What does the activation of naïve B cells result in?

A

The rise of plasma cells

118
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

Antibody factories

119
Q

What is the first cells produced when a naïve B cell reacts with an antigen?

A

IgM

120
Q

What is the affinity for an antigen?

A

The strength of a binding to an antigen

121
Q

What is meant by the avidity of an antibody?

A

Ability of antibodies to form complexes

BDS1 (43 decks)

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